Should the UK have fully written constitution free essay sample

Should the UK Have fully written constitution? I-JK has partly an unwritten and uncodified constitution. Such a system, like any other, has their advantages and disadvantages, but because of their unusual system there are a lot of disputes around it. A big question at hand is: Should the constitution be fully written or not? A codified constitution means that all the points and laws are written and could be read, such a constitution typically occurs at some critical moment in a countrys history. An uncodified constitution is one that was formed naturally with historical development. In order to assess, whether I-JK should have a codified constitution it is necessary to consider such issues like flexibility and entrenchment, clarity and constitutional sources, historical development. The British constitution is quite flexible and all its constitutional laws are not guarded from changes. Any change could be made by the parliament who are the main and the most powerful body in the British political system. We will write a custom essay sample on Should the UK have fully written constitution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Parliament has ultimate legal authority and freedom to make and enforce any political decisions without limits; so any law can be easily changed with a simple act of Parliament. Sometimes such simple procedures are convenient and even essential. This was shown when on the election on May in 2010 were there was no elected majority from any party. Such a situation was not mentioned in the constitution, but because of the adaptable possibility of the I-JK constitution, a solution for such a problem was found very quickly. However it makes Parliament too powerful, in that in spite of rule of the law, the possibility to change laws places parliament above it. Theoretically, this goes against all democratic principles that the British political system is based on. In my pinion, every legally guarded constitution in reality could be manipulated or even ignored by the leadership of the country, therefore the only real protection for the constitution there are the people, because the English Parliament, like any government in every democratic country, it is elected by the people to protect their interests and they could be easily abolished by them. Citizens could ignore laws which are against their rights or are not approved by them hence parliament has real political power to facilitate changes on basic constitutional laws as long as the people agree to follow these changes. No matter, what laws the parliament pass, in the context of the constitution or not, the public have the last say as it affects them and because of their power to abolish current parliament. Although the UK constitution is not protected legally, it protected politically. Another important question is quantity of constitutional sources and clarify. UK constitution has a lot of sources such a: Parliamentary statues, Constitutional conventions, common low, historical principles and authoritative works, traditions, EIJ laws. Such big quantity of sources makes constitution vague and unclear. If onstitution is not fully written in one single document there is no way for citizens to be fully aware of their rights, because part of them unwritten and undetermined, and as result people s rights are not tully circumscribed. So, lack ot knowledge amongst the people caused deficient level of protecting civil liberties, what is inadmissible for democratic country. Uncodified constitution is not clarified for citizens; they do not understand the concept of it, because it has not any concrete form. However, any codified constitution cannot contain every possible situation and suggest solution for every problem. Advantage of unwritten British constitution, which develop historically, that for such long period of time a lot of issues happened and solutions for them were found, and even if they were not written, they become a part of constitution and do not need to be discussed any more. This, again, was illustrated clearly with the May 2010 election, because even if principle of coalition between two parties and combined govern is not usual for UK politic system, constitution, which was so easily changed to react on changing circumstances, have fixed rules to deal with situation now. It is hard to imagine that somebody can predict all, such unusual roblems and find effective solution for all of them. So, even if some issues are not written as a document and cannot be protected in court there are some norms, which developed traditionally, and cannot be all written. It is not a serious problem as long as such system works. The main strength of UK constitution is that it was developed naturally, historically. It provides a coherent system and establishes relations between all political institutions in country, which were set naturally. What even more important, is that system was evolved over the time and accorded by British people. Every process and power separation was set in the right time and without public discontents. Power came from Monarch to public, from one person to people, which is natural process, it is how democracy works, its main principle, and such procedure took place in every European country, but in England it was the most calm and natural process. Exclude Oliver Cromwell, who was quite cruel to current king, English people were not tortured by any dictator. In contrast, almost every country in Europe has period of dictate, totalitarianism and terror in their history, so their low does not work as good s English. The typical problem of old constitutions is its fixed principle that not actual now, UK constitution has not this problem because of their adaptability and flexibility. It was shown clearly by the House of Lords Act of 1999. The main power and the last say always was in Lords and monarchs hands, an in case if UK constitution was fully written and inflexible, it would be hard to change this order, it could be a lot of discussions because of it or even military conflict, because nobody wants to let their power gone, well known how Russian royal family react on try to ake their authority out of them, and how horrible were consequences for them and the whole country. In England, when Parliament decided to take some power from House of Lords they did it very easy, quite fast and without great difficulty or efforts for such important act. So, I-JK constitution works very good, better than a lot of codified constitutions, and if it ain t broke, don t fix it. Because of all arguments shown above, I think that I-JK constitution should not be fully written. It works not worse than any written constitution, their low respected by politics and population not less that written. Every bills, rules, and even fixed lows work as long as people want to tollow them, no matter they written or no, it government wants to flaunt democratic procedures that fact that all lows written does not stop it. Britain has survive very well until now with unwritten constitution, and it shows that such type of constitution is suitable for English public, and in fact it guard civil rights very well, it provide very high level of life for citizens, higher that a lot of countries with codified constitutions do. So I do not see enough important reasons to codify it. Should the UK have fully written constitution free essay sample UK has partly an unwritten and uncodified constitution. Such a system, like any other, has their advantages and disadvantages, but because of their unusual system there are a lot of disputes around it. A big question at hand is: â€Å"Should the constitution be fully written or not? † A codified constitution means that all the points and laws are written and could be read, such a constitution typically occurs at some critical moment in a country’s history. An uncodified constitution is one that was formed naturally with historical development. In order to assess, whether UK should have a codified constitution it is necessary to consider such issues like flexibility and entrenchment, clarity and constitutional sources, historical development. The British constitution is quite flexible and all its constitutional laws are not guarded from changes. Any change could be made by the parliament who are the main and the most powerful body in the British political system. We will write a custom essay sample on Should the UK have fully written constitution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Parliament has ultimate legal authority and freedom to make and enforce any political decisions without limits; so any law can be easily changed with a simple act of Parliament. Sometimes such simple procedures are convenient and even essential. This was shown when on the election on May in 2010 were there was no elected majority from any party. Such a situation was not mentioned in the constitution, but because of the adaptable possibility of the UK constitution, a solution for such a problem was found very quickly. However it makes Parliament too powerful, in that in spite of rule of the law, the possibility to change laws places parliament above it. Theoretically, this goes against all democratic principles that the British political system is based on. In my opinion, every legally guarded constitution in reality could be manipulated or even ignored by the leadership of the country, therefore the only real protection for the constitution there are the people, because the English Parliament, like any government in every democratic country, it is elected by the people to protect their interests and they could be easily abolished by them. Citizens could ignore laws which are against their rights or are not approved by them hence parliament has real political power to facilitate changes on basic constitutional laws as long as the people agree to follow these changes. No matter, what laws the parliament pass, in the context of the constitution or not, the public have the last say as it affects them and because of their power to abolish current parliament. Although the UK constitution is not protected legally, it protected politically. Another important question is quantity of constitutional sources and clarify. UK constitution has a lot of sources such a: Parliamentary statues, Constitutional conventions, common low, historical principles and authoritative works, traditions, EU laws. Such big quantity of sources makes constitution vague and unclear. If constitution is not fully written in one single document there is no way for citizens to be fully aware of their rights, because part of them unwritten and undetermined, and as result people`s rights are not fully circumscribed. So, lack of knowledge amongst the people caused deficient level of protecting civil liberties, what is inadmissible for democratic country. Uncodified constitution is not clarified for citizens; they do not understand the concept of it, because it has not any concrete form. However, any codified constitution cannot contain every possible situation and suggest solution for every problem. Advantage of unwritten British constitution, which develop historically, that for such long period of time a lot of issues happened and solutions for them were found, and even if they were not written, they become a part of constitution and do not need to be discussed any more. This, again, was illustrated clearly with the May 2010 election, because even if principle of coalition between two parties and combined govern is not usual for UK politic system, constitution, which was so easily changed to react on changing circumstances, have fixed rules to deal with situation now. It is hard to imagine that somebody can predict all, such unusual problems and find effective solution for all of them. So, even if some issues are not written as a document and cannot be protected in court there are some norms, which developed traditionally, and cannot be all written. It is not a serious problem as long as such system works. The main strength of UK constitution is that it was developed naturally, historically. It provides a coherent system and establishes relations between all political institutions in country, which were set naturally. What even more important, is that system was evolved over the time and accorded by British people. Every process and power separation was set in the right time and without public discontents. Power came from Monarch to public, from one person to people, which is natural process, it is how democracy works, its main principle, and such procedure took place in every European country, but in England it was the most calm and natural process. Exclude Oliver Cromwell, who was quite cruel to current king, English people were not tortured by any dictator. In contrast, almost every country in Europe has period of dictate, totalitarianism and terror in their history, so their low does not work as good as English. The typical problem of old constitutions is its fixed principle that not actual now, UK constitution has not this problem because of their adaptability and flexibility. It was shown clearly by the House of Lords Act of 1999. The main power and the last say always was in Lords and monarchs hands, an in case if UK constitution was fully written and inflexible, it would be hard to change this order, it could be a lot of discussions because of it or even military conflict, because nobody wants to let their power gone, well known how Russian royal family react on try to take their authority out of them, and how horrible were consequences for them and the whole country. In England, when Parliament decided to take some power from House of Lords they did it very easy, quite fast and without great difficulty or efforts for such important act. So, UK constitution works very good, better than a lot of codified constitutions, and â€Å"if it ain`t broke, don`t fix it†. Because of all arguments shown above, I think that UK constitution should not be fully written. It works not worse than any written constitution, their low respected by politics and population not less that written. Every bills, rules, and even fixed lows work as long as people want to follow them, no matter they written or no, if government wants to flaunt democratic procedures that fact that all lows written does not stop it. Britain has survive very well until now with unwritten constitution, and it shows that such type of constitution is suitable for English public, and in fact it guard civil rights very well, it provide very high level of life for citizens, higher that a lot of countries with codified constitutions do. So I do not see enough important reasons to codify it.

The Torture of Foreign Prisoners †English Essay

The Torture of Foreign Prisoners – English Essay Free Online Research Papers The Torture of Foreign Prisoners English Essay The right of â€Å"innocent until proven guilty† is one of the most important rights we Americans have. Regardless if these people are enemies of the Country, they still have the same rights under our laws. Freedoms of Americans are spelled out plainly in the Constitution, guarded by our laws, and the treaties we have with other countries. Torture violates all of these guidelines. If we do not show these freedoms to people of other countries, then we do our whole country a dishonor. Torture to an enemy of the United States by the military or by any of the other Agencies is wrong and against our own laws and treaties. Our own military’s lawyers have even expressed concern over the use of torture of prisoners. The Judge Advocacy General’s Corps had three of its top lawyers expressed their conserves over this tortures legality. It seems the Military has a manual with their laws and procedures spelled out very plain as to how to teat a â€Å"Prisoner of War.† The lawyers speak and put the reasoning very plain: â€Å"but also would cause public outrage if the tactics became known.† (White). This plainly shows our own military is concerned over this abuse of prisoners. The military knows it is breaking it’s own rules. Army Col. Stuart Herrington, who is a military specialist in interrogations, who has been in Vietnam, Panama, and Iraq during Desert Storm, was sent to the prisons to check for the Pentagon. He had this to say over what was going on: â€Å"Aside from its immorality and its illegality,† says Herrington, torture is simply not a good way to get information. In his experience, nine out of 10 people can be persuaded to talk with no stress methods at all, let alone cruel and unusual ones. Asked whether that would be true of religiously motivated fanatics, he says that the batting average might be lower: perhaps six out of ten. And if you beat up the remaining four? Theyll just tell you anything to get you to stop. (Applebaum). Her is an active Army officer that disagrees with torture. A commander who knows the wrongs of it. He had this to say about the current stories circulating around the water coolers of America. â€Å"At the moment, there is a myth in circulation, a fable that goes something like this: Radical terrorists will take advantage of our fussy legality, so we may have to suspend it to beat them. Radical terrorists mock our namby-pamby prisons, so we must make them tougher. Radical terrorists are nasty, so to defeat them we have to be nastier.† (Applebaum). This is the story being used for validating of torture. There is no proof that this story has any truth. There is something no one has considered, the danger to our own soldiers when they are captured. Here again I quote: â€Å"Worse, youll have the other side effects of torture. It endangers our soldiers on the battlefield by encouraging reciprocity. It does damage to our countrys image and undermines our credibility in Iraq.† (Applebaum) It undermines the work of our soldiers that are helping make Iraq into a country ruled by its people instead of a dictator. The use of torture robes them of their dignity and makes them into another oppressive force in a war torn country. Where did all this begin? America has always been the defender of the oppressed and downtrodden. We as a people are the defenders of freedom. And now that we have been attacked in our homeland we allow our government to break laws and rules that have been set for centuries. Pentagon officials turned to the closest thing on their organizational charts to a school for torture, a program named SERE. Out of fear of future terrorist attacks and frustrated by the slow progress of intelligence-gathering from prisoners at Guantnamo Bay, this program was changed. â€Å"That was a classified program at Fort Bragg, N.C., known as SERE, for Survival, Evasion, Resistance, Escape. Based on studies of North Korean and Vietnamese efforts to break American prisoners, SERE was intended to train American soldiers to resist the abuse they might face in enemy custody. (Bloche). Our Military took a school of how to survive torture and did a one hundred and eighty degree flip on it. Teachings for good were corrupted for use on the suspected terrorist. In a briefing given by General James T. Hill, he stated that a team was sent to the SERE school for this new training. â€Å"General Hill had sent this list which included prolonged isolation and sleep deprivation, stress positions, physical assault and the exploitation of detainees phobias to Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, who approved most of the tactics in December 2002.† (Bloche). So by our own admittance, the US Army has now changed and started using the training that was for how to survive torture and now use it as how to do torture. Misuse of training to degrade a person that is captured is not and never will be right. SEER’s was made for helping our soldiers, not to make them into torturers. A travesty of warping good things for bad results is now the end result. The manual of the Army states exactly how a prisoner is to be treated. â€Å"While casting aside the field manual flushing it, perhaps, down those toilets into which we are assured no Quran has ever fallen President George W. Bush simultaneously refused a chance to go on record against cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment of anyone in U.S. government custody.† (Cocco). So it is known that the manual is being thrown ignored with this use of torture. The United States has even signed treaties with other countries banning torture of prisoners, which they are now not following. Why are all these things being ignored? One reason alone is why, the President has so ordered it. The CIA is acting under orders, as is the Military to do what ever it takes to find out information. The fifteenth and sixteenth paragraphs of an article named Military Lawyers Fought Policy on Interrogations by Josh White of the Washington Post Newspaper, puts the blame exactly where it belongs on who is responsible for this. â€Å"In 2002, the State Departments legal adviser expressed concerns that the Bush administration had ignored the Geneva Conventions in deciding how to treat captured members of al Qaeda and the Taliban. Because such captives have been categorized as enemy combatants and not prisoners of war, the administration has said the conditions of their detention are not governed by the Geneva Conventions, though they would be treated humanely. The abuse at Guantanamo Bay has been reported several times in the news. The use of military trained dogs for intimidation and torture is just another atrocity that has come to light. â€Å"They were considered authorized by the Army field manual and Defense Department guidance and were therefore not considered abusive. Identical tactics were later used at Iraqs Abu Ghraib prison by military police officers who were not authorized to employ them.†(White). Using any means possible to find out information to stop terrorist is counterproductive. No valid proof of it working can be found anywhere. There are no cases where any information gained was valid. Any other country in the world would not allow the use of torture to find out information. So why does the United States? So the laws are set, the treaties have been signed, the Code of Conduct manuals have been written, lawyers have complained, as has Congressmen, and still the inhuman acts of torture go on. The common person in the streets, know the wrongness of it. So why does the President still allow torture? References Applebaum, Anne. â€Å"The Torture Myth.† The Washing Post Company. January 12, 2005. Copyright 1996-2005. Blouch, M. Gregg. Marks, Jonathan H. â€Å"Do Unto Others as They did Unto Us.† The New York Times Company. November 14, 2005. Copyright 2005. Cocco, Marie. â€Å"Torturing Prisoners? Not by the Book.† Common Dreams News Center. Copyrighted 2005. Newsday, Inc August 2, 2005. White, Josh. â€Å"Military Lawyers fought Policy on Interrogations.† The Washington Post Company. July 15, 2005. Page A01.Copyright 1996-2005. Research Papers on The Torture of Foreign Prisoners - English Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresCapital PunishmentPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationGenetic EngineeringComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHip-Hop is ArtHonest Iagos Truth through Deception

Lucy Stone, Abolitionist and Womens Rights Reformer

Lucy Stone, Abolitionist and Women's Rights Reformer Lucy Stone (August 13, 1818–October 18, 1893)  was the first woman in Massachusetts to earn a college degree and the first woman in the United States to keep her own name after marriage. While she started out on the radical edge of womens rights at the beginning of her speaking and writing career, shes usually described as a leader of the conservative wing of the suffrage movement in her later years. The woman whose speech in 1850 converted Susan B. Anthony to the suffrage cause later disagreed  with Anthony over strategy and tactics, splitting the suffrage movement into two major branches after the Civil War. Fast Facts: Lucy Stone Known For: A major figure in the abolitionist and womens rights movements of the 1800sBorn: August 13, 1818 in West Brookfield, MassachusettsParents: Hannah Matthews and Francis StoneDied: October 18, 1893 in Boston, MassachusettsEducation: Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, Oberlin CollegeAwards and Honors:  Inducted into National Womens Hall of Fame; the subject of a U.S. postal stamp; statue placed in Massachusetts State House; featured in the Boston Womens Heritage TrailSpouse(s): Henry Browne BlackwellChildren: Alice Stone BlackwellNotable Quote: I believe that the influence of woman will save the country before every other power. Early Life Lucy Stone was born on August 13, 1818, on her familys Massachusetts farm in West Brookfield. She was the eighth of nine children, and as she grew up, she watched as her father ruled the household, and his wife, by divine right. Disturbed when her mother had to beg her father for money, she was also unhappy with the lack of support in her family for her education. She was faster at learning than her brothers, but they were to be educated while she was not. She was inspired in her reading by the Grimke sisters, who were abolitionists as well as proponents of womens rights. When the Bible was quoted to her, defending the positions of men and women, she declared that when she grew up, shed learn Greek and Hebrew so she could correct the mistranslation that she was sure was behind such verses. Education Her father would not support her education, so she alternated her own education with teaching to earn enough to continue. She attended several institutions, including Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in 1839. By age 25 four years later, she had saved enough to fund her first year at Oberlin College in Ohio, the countrys first college to admit both women and blacks. After four years of study at Oberlin College, all the while teaching and doing housework to pay for the costs, Lucy Stone graduated in 1847. She was asked to write a commencement speech for her class, but she refused because someone else would have had to read her speech because women were not allowed, even at Oberlin, to give a public address. Shortly after Stone, the first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree, returned to her home state, she gave her first public speech. The topic was womens rights and she delivered the speech from the pulpit of her brothers Congregational Church in Gardner, Massachusetts. Thirty-six years after she graduated from Oberlin, she was an honored speaker at Oberlins 50th-anniversary celebration. The American Anti-Slavery Society A year after she graduated, Lucy Stone was hired as an organizer for the American Anti-Slavery Society. In this paid position, she traveled and gave speeches on abolition and womens rights. William Lloyd Garrison, whose ideas were dominant in the Anti-Slavery Society, said of her during her first year of working with the organization, She is a very superior young woman, and has a soul as free as the air, and is preparing to go forth as a lecturer, particularly in vindication of the rights of women. Her course here has been very firm and independent, and she has caused no small uneasiness in the spirit of sectarianism in the institution. When her womens rights speeches created too much controversy within the Anti-Slavery Society- some wondered whether she was diminishing her efforts on behalf of the abolition cause- she arranged to separate the two ventures, speaking on weekends on abolition and weekdays on womens rights, and charging admission for the speeches on womens rights. In three years, she earned $7,000 with these talks. Radical Leadership Stones radicalism on both abolition and womens rights brought large crowds. The talks also drew hostility: according to historian Leslie Wheeler, people tore down the posters advertising her talks, burned pepper in the auditoriums where she spoke, and pelted her with prayer books and other missiles. Having been convinced by using the Greek and Hebrew she learned at Oberlin that indeed the Biblical proscriptions on women were badly translated, she challenged those rules in churches that she found to be unfair to women. Raised in the Congregational Church, she was unhappy with its refusal to recognize women as voting members of congregations as well as their condemnation of the Grimke sisters for their public speaking. Finally expelled by the Congregationalists for her views and public speaking, she joined with the Unitarians. In 1850, Stone was a leader in organizing the first national womans rights convention, held in Worcester, Massachusetts. The 1848 convention in Seneca Falls had been an important and radical move, but the attendees were mostly from the local area. This was the next step. At the 1850 convention, Lucy Stones speech is credited with converting Susan B. Anthony to the cause of woman suffrage. A copy of the speech, which was sent to England, inspired John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor to publish The Enfranchisement of Women. Some years later, she also convinced Julia Ward Howe to adopt womens rights as a cause along with abolition. Frances Willard credited Stones work with her joining the suffrage cause. Marriage and Motherhood Stone had thought of herself as a free soul who would not marry; then she met Cincinnati businessman Henry Blackwell in 1853 on one of her speaking tours. Henry was seven years younger than Lucy and courted her for two years. Henry was anti-slavery and  pro-womens  rights. His eldest sister  Elizabeth Blackwell  (1821–1910), became the first woman physician in the United States, while another sister,  Emily Blackwell  (1826–1910), became a physician as well. Their brother Samuel later married  Antoinette Brown  (1825–1921), a friend of Lucy Stones at Oberlin and the first woman ordained as a minister in the United States. Two years of courtship and friendship convinced Lucy to accept Henrys offer of marriage. Lucy was especially impressed when he rescued a fugitive slave from her owners. She wrote to him, A wife should no more take her husbands name than he should hers. My name is my identity and must not be lost. Henry agreed with her. I wish, as a husband, to  renounce  all the privileges which the  law  confers upon me, which are not strictly  mutual. Surely  such a marriage  will not degrade you, dearest. And so,  in 1855, Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell married. At the ceremony, Minister Thomas Wentworth Higginson read  a statement by the bride and groom, renouncing and protesting the marriage laws of the time, and announcing that she would keep her name. Higginson published the ceremony widely with their permission. The couples daughter Alice Stone Blackwell was born in 1857. A son died at birth; Lucy and Henry had no other children. Lucy retired for a short period from active touring and public speaking and devoted herself to raising her daughter. The family moved from Cincinnati to New Jersey. In a letter written to her sister-in-law Antoinette Blackwell on February 20, 1859, Stone wrote, ...for these years I can only be a mother- no trivial thing, either. The next year, Stone refused to pay property taxes on her home. She and Henry carefully kept her property in her name, giving her independent income during their marriage. In her statement to the authorities, Lucy Stone protested the taxation without representation that women still endured, since women had no vote. The authorities seized some furniture to pay the debt, but the gesture was widely publicized as symbolic on behalf of womens rights. Split in the Suffrage Movement Inactive in the suffrage movement during the Civil War, Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell became active again when the war ended and the  Fourteenth Amendment  was proposed, giving the vote to black men. For the first time, the Constitution would, with this Amendment, mention male citizens explicitly. Most woman suffrage activists were outraged. Many saw the possible passage of this Amendment as setting back the cause of woman suffrage. In 1867, Stone again went on a full lecture tour to Kansas and New York, working for woman suffrage state amendments, trying to work for both black and woman suffrage. The woman suffrage movement split on this and other strategic grounds. The  National Woman Suffrage Association, led by  Susan B. Anthony  and  Elizabeth Cady Stanton decided to oppose the  Fourteenth Amendment because of the language male citizen. Lucy Stone,  Julia Ward Howe, and Henry Blackwell led those who sought to keep the causes of black and woman suffrage together, and in 1869 they and others founded the  American Woman Suffrage Association. For all her radical reputation, Lucy Stone was identified in this later period with the conservative wing of the woman suffrage movement. Other differences in strategy between the two wings included the AWSAs following a strategy of state-by-state suffrage amendments and the NWSAs support of a national constitutional amendment. The AWSA remained largely  middle  class,  while the NWSA embraced working-class issues and members. The Womens Journal The next year, Lucy raised enough funds to start a suffrage weekly newspaper,  The Womans Journal. For the first two years, it was edited by  Mary Livermore, and then Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell became the editors. Lucy Stone found working on a newspaper far more compatible with family life than the lecture circuit. But I do believe that a womans truest place is in a home, with a husband and with children, and with large freedom, pecuniary freedom, personal freedom, and the right to vote. Lucy Stone to her adult daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell Alice Stone Blackwell attended Boston University, where she was one of two women in a class with 26 men. She later got involved with  The Womans Journal,  which survived until 1917. Alice was the sole editor during its later years. The Womans Journal  under Stone and Blackwell maintained a Republican Party line, opposing, for instance, labor movement organizing and strikes and  Victoria Woodhulls  radicalism, in contrast to the Anthony-Stanton NWSA. Last Years Lucy Stones radical move to keep her own name continued to inspire and enrage. In 1879, Massachusetts gave women a limited right to vote for the school committee. In Boston, however, the registrars refused to let Lucy Stone vote unless she used her husbands name. She continued to find that, on legal documents and when registering with her husband at hotels, she had to sign as Lucy Stone, married to Henry Blackwell, for her signature to be accepted as valid. Lucy Stone did, in the 1880s, welcome Edward Bellamys American version of Utopian socialism, as did many other woman suffrage activists. Bellamys vision in the book  Looking Backward  drew a vivid picture of a society with economic and social equality for women. In 1890, Alice Stone Blackwell, now a leader in the woman suffrage movement in her own right, engineered a reunification of the two competing suffrage organizations. The National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association united to form the  National American Woman Suffrage Association, with  Elizabeth Cady Stanton  as president,  Susan B. Anthony  as vice president, and Lucy Stone as chairman of the executive committee. In an 1887 speech to the New England Womans Club, Stone said: I think, with never-ending gratitude, that the young women of today do not and can never know at what price their right to free speech and to speak at all in public has been earned.   Death Stones voice had already faded and she rarely spoke to large groups later in her life. But in 1893, she gave  lectures at the Worlds Columbian Exposition. A few months later, she died in Boston of cancer and was cremated. Her last words to her daughter were Make the world better. Legacy Lucy Stone is less well known today than  Elizabeth Cady Stanton,  Susan B. Anthony, or  Julia Ward Howe, whose Battle Hymn of the Republic helped immortalize her name. Stones daughter Alice Stone Blackwell published her mothers biography,  Lucy Stone, Pioneer of Womans Rights,  in 1930, helping to keep her name and contributions known. But Lucy Stone is still remembered today primarily as the first woman to keep her own name after marriage. Women who follow that custom are sometimes called Lucy Stoners. Sources Adler, Stephen J. and Lisa Grunwald. Womens Letters: America from the Revolutionary War to the Present. New York: Random House, 2005.â€Å"Lucy Stone.† National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.â€Å"Lucy Stone.† National Womens History Museum.McMillen, Sally G. Lucy Stone: An Unapologetic Life. Oxford University Press, 2015.Wheeler, Leslie. Lucy Stone: Radical Beginnings. Spender, Dale (ed.). Feminist Theorists: Three Centuries of Key Women Thinkers. New York: Pantheon Books, 1983

In-Depth Audience Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

In-Depth Audience Analysis - Research Paper Example Alexandria is situated in the suburbs of the capital city of the country; it is in a very strategic place to receive the best concentration of goods band other quality services that will grow the economy in the community of Virginia. The stakeholders and the persons abiding in the society of Virginia are one of the highest profile ranked employees of the national government. Therefore the town will grow and have a high income due to the value of goods and other high income drawers in the society (Howell, 2011). Therefore the infrastructure in the area is excellent because it is very strategic from the Washington DC the capital of the United States of America. The state’s major favors are also targeted to the society such as the major governmental offices are situated in the area of Alexandria. The government offices are like the Trademark office that was transferred to Alexandria. This shows that Alexandria from the views of stakeholders and audience should be of appraisal to the federal government over the major favors to the community. Question Two – Analysis of the Community Stakeholders and Audience The demographics of Alexandria in the Northern Virginia represent it to be not a very populated society due to the standards of living of the inhabitants of the persons living in that community. The persons who abide in the society of Alexandria are highly ranked persons in the government of the USA and the most inhabitants are personnel from the defense department including the naval center for analysis. The geographical position of the Alexandria society is very strategic in such a manner that it can receive major governmental offices by the government of the United States of America. The short distance the society of Alexandria is from the capital city of the country gives it more advantage to get more favors from the federal government. This gives the society the high economic value according to the good business position of the society (Howell , 2011). Therefore the society of Alexandria is a very strategic state in terms of economy due to the nearness to the business center of the country of America. The lifestyles that are exhibited by the residents of Alexandria are much higher of admirable opportunities by the other persons in all other societies around the country (Smith, 2009). This is because the society is endowed with high rank restaurants and products that are of high caliber persons in the society. This will make the attitudes of the inhabitants of the Alexandria society and their lifestyle that is very high. This is facilitated by the nearness of the society to the capital of the country USA where the state gets a variety of favors from the federal government of the United States of America. On the social scene of the society of Alexandria that is in the Northern Virginia the persons who live in this area must have very improved social standards due to the improved social gathering areas that are endowed by th e society of Alexandria. It is a tourist attraction area and has very improved restaurants. The usergraphics of the Alexandria society are of major importance so as to define the regions of domain of the society that is to be occupied by the inhabitants of the society (Smith, 2009). The webographics are incorporated in the communication and the technological position of t

Infrastructure Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Infrastructure Management - Essay Example In the technological world all odds have been met to ensure ease is experienced in spreading and accessing information. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is one field that has made information flow smooth and more efficient. Literature Review In the Business world, ICT has enhanced the possibilities of entrepreneurs to keep on the battle for survival in this competitive arena (Apellt, 1999). New mechanisms of accessing new market and the needed information from far distances with continuous knowledge gain is an advantage of good ICT employment. Additionally, the information between different organizations becomes real-time which tends to enhance the relationship between the customers and the organization. ICT is also the key factor to enabling business people get immediate feedback from their customers and use it as a way of indentifying their strong and weak points. The feedbacks from the customers also help in noticing the changes of demand, preferences and new marke t by an organization. ICT in companies or organizations is one platform that has to be closely monitored to ensure the best of it is achieved. IT professionals are employed in these areas to ensure that each and every required data from the networks is sufficiently reliable and available. In big companies, different departments are interconnected (intranet) to ensure much is shared and creates the virtual company of working from different offices (European commission, 2000). The intranet is established through local area networking or wireless networking. Information flow within a company is determined by how the ICT infrastructures are laid and managed. This infrastructure depends on a company’s customization but the general overview of this would involve clients, routers, bridges, servers and virtual firewalls then the web. The client connects to the server through a router or a bridge; the server accepts the request and sends back the requested data. If a client needs to c onnect to the internet, the server will send the request through the firewall to the worldwide web. The replay path will be the same i.e. web-firewall-server –client through the router. This brings us to common point in noting that, if a company properly utilizes the potentials presented by the ICT sector, then supply, customers and knowledge enhancement will be well managed. Statement of the Problem If we now analyze this scenario using Global Water Company, we find that the information channels are mostly used for communication within the regional locations. The company’s three locations namely, South Africa, United Kingdom and United States only communicate using the public networks. This seems to do no good to internal and external communications of the company. We are also quick to note that the rapid growth in the global business has made the communications here more difficult and unreliable in this company. Moreover, we find that the South African division is th e most clogged with a max of 300 clients being used by 400 workers. West Bromwich in UK also rags behind in efficiency since 200 computers are being used by 350 people. This is a great loop hole in the company in trying to keep up with the pace of the competitive world. The management has also come to its senses and noted the cost that the poor ICT structure is bringing to the company. Thanks to the management, the much required platform in gearing up

joan of arc :: essays research papers

One of the most heroic legends of a woman is Joan of Arc. She was a brave and outstanding woman. She was a leader and had a lot of courage for all that she has battled and conquered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joan of arc was born at Domerey in Champagne, around 1412. In French, her name was Jeanne d’Arc. She was born the third of five children to a peasant farmer, Jacques d’Arc and third of five children to a peasant farmer, Jacques d’Arc and mother Isabelle de Vouthon. They were poor, but not needy. Her childhood was spent attending her father’s herds in the fields. She never learned to read or write but was skilled in sewing and spinning. Some thought her to be a unique child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Up until the age of thirteen, in the summer of 1425, Joan became aware of her â€Å"voices†. Joan believed that these â€Å"voices† were the voices of St. Michael, St. Margaret, St. Catherine and many others. They told her they were sent from god. They also told her to cut her hair, dress in men’s attire and pick up the arms. Her confessor did not believe her, just as many others didn’t. She told her judges â€Å"I saw them with these very eyes, as well as I see you.† The voices also said that it was her divine mission to free her country from the English and help the dauphin gain the French throne.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By 1429 the English and their Burgundian allies occupied Paris and all of France north of Loire. Joan convinced the captain of the dauphin’s forces that these voices were real. She had to pass an examination by the board of theologians. They passed her and gave her troops to command and the rank of captain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In May of 1429 of the battle of New Orleans, Joan led the troops to a miraculous victory over the English. As she continued to fight in other locations, fear came over the other troops.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On July 17, 1429 in Riems Cathedral, Charles VII was crowned King of France. Joan was given a place of honor next to the King. Later on, she was ennobled for her services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1430 she was captured and sold to the English, while defending Compiegne hear Paris. Then the English handed Joan over to the Ecclesiastical court at Roven led by Pierre Cauchun. They tried her for witchcraft.

Psychology and Positive Reinforcement Essay

For this project if I had to design a study investigating the relationship between alcohol and violence, I would use the experimental method. The experimental method involves manipulating one variable to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. This method relies on controlled methods, random assignment and manipulation of variables to test a hypothesis (Cherry, n. d. ). The reason for this method is so I can put the test subjects in a controlled environment and monitor the affects of the alcohol and see if the alcohol consumed by the test subject allows them to display forms of violence. By using another method with the experimental method to get more results out of this study, I would also use survey research. Survey research is one of the most important areas of measurement in applied social research. The broad area of survey research encompasses any measurement procedures that involve asking questions of respondents. A â€Å"survey† can be anything that forms a short paper-and-pencil feedback form to an intensive one-on-one in-depth interview (Trochim, 2006). I would combine these methods to determine the outcome of the study and support my investigation of the relationship between alcohol and violence. For example, I would get four test subjects that would consist of two groups, two men and two women. I would have all subjects fill out a form that displays likes and dislikes and what makes them happy/ unhappy. I would then have one subject from each group would consume alcohol but all the drinks would be the color red each subject will be by themselves for the first hour in different rooms. After that hour they would be placed in room together and exam how the gamma-aminobutyric acid displays the affects of using their dislikes on their behavior after the consumption of alcohol. The strengths of this study would be finding the chemical in alcohol and what chemical inside of the human body that triggers the violent display. Also strengths for this method would be compilation of verifiable data and ethical compliance. But with all strengths you do have weaknesses; those weaknesses for these methods would be not having accurate reports for these methods and distortion of unreliable case studies. Also you may have test subjects that do not reflect the general population and him or her in fact have their own social issues that may reflect violence from the outcome of alcohol. The ethical consideration for this research would be no children, women that are pregnant, separation of a person with a criminal background and non-criminal background, test subjects are only to consume a certain amount of alcohol by their size and weight, and the test subjects are only to be tested in a controlled environment. The difference between negative and positive reinforcement is that negative reinforcement; is when a certain stimulus/item is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. The likelihood of the particular behavior occurring again in the future is increased because of removing/avoiding the negative stimuli (Stangor, Chapter 7, 2010). For example: My son has choirs to do every day after school and does not like to do them. He does his choirs because if he does not he would not be able to play his video game. Positive reinforcement: is a very powerful and effective tool to help shape and change behavior. Positive reinforcement works by presenting a motivating item to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future (Stangor, Chapter 7, 2010). For example: My daughter studied very hard on her spelling test and receive an A for passing it, for receiving that A on her test I gave her ten dollars for studying and doing a great job on her test. Using negative reinforcement on my son not doing his choirs helps him understand that you will not get anything in return for not doing your job after school. Using positive reinforcement for maintaining a positive path you will be rewarded for your accomplishments. The ethical standards are displaying a positive for doing something positive and a negative result for a negative behavior. For example, you cannot throw a rock at a car window and expect to get ice cream in return. That would be rewarding a person for doing a negative action. Also you cannot reward a person for cheating on a test by copying off of someone, excepting credit for someone else’s work instead of your own. When displaying these reinforcement methods it helps to create modifications of the behavior that’s displayed by the children from my example. When using these methods it creates a pattern for learning responsibility. Learning responsibilities helps form other positives paths to encourage a person to be more motivated nd become successful. The theory that best fits my psychological thought would be the behavior theory and also the developmental theory. The behavior theory also known as behaviorism is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. The developmental theory: Theories of development provide a framework for thinking about human growth, development, and learning (Trochim, 2006). The way I see psychology I believe that it starts with these theories first. Understanding human behavior and the development of behavior helps me better understand the mentality of people. Psychology is a very broad field that deals with all aspects of life, from a social stand point, economical stand point and environmental stand point. Psychology helps us understand why we do the things that we do, for example culture of honor. A term that is defined by responding to insults with aggression or catharsis observing or engaging in less harmful aggressive actions that will reduce the tendency to aggress later in a more harmful way (Stangor, Chapter 14, 2010). These psychological theories of behaviorism cannot be studied without developmental theories to help understand these patterns and create determination to why we do things. Give us a better understanding, in other words casual attribution; determining the causes of people behavior (Stangor, Chapter 13, 2010). Our social cognition is set to predict behaviors, but how can we predict behaviors if we do not develop ways to understand it. Basically prejudging or stereotyping these behaviors. It is nothing in psychology that would have me to believe that the research that is provided is not true. Everything that I have studied, I either have done or seen done; our attitude another behavior that we exhibit and in my opinion would be the core to behaviorism. It displays any feelings that we have towards people, work ethic, environment, and our social representation. First I would have to define the disorder by observing the dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior. Next I would exercise the bio-psycho-social model of the illness; to help me understand the disorder. Using the DSM-IV-TR, I would look for any psychological history and use of the Axis IV check for social or environmental problems, such as homelessness, divorce, school problems, or other stressors present. Also I would use Axis I and V to determine if this person is suffering from mood, anxiety, or learning disorders; is this person at risk of hurting him or herself and others (Stangor, Chapter 13, 2010). The disorder I have discovered that my client has is anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorder is a psychological disturbance marked by irrational fears, often of everyday objects and situations. The treatment I would use to help my client would be antianxiety medications; drugs that help relive the fear of anxiety. Also I would use biomedical therapies; treatments that are designed to reduce psychological disorder by influencing the action of the central nerves system. This method would involved the use of medication but also include direct brain intervention with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT0, psychosurgery, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (Stangor, Chapter 13, 2010). These methods of therapy would help my client be more at ease with their disorder. The ethical obligations of the psychological professionals would be that. Psychiatrists are physicians with specialized knowledge of mental illness and its treatment. Psychiatrists share the same ethical ideals as all physicians and are committed to compassion, fidelity, beneficence, trustworthiness, fairness, integrity, scientific and clinical excellence, social responsibility, and respect for persons. Psychiatrists endeavor to embody these principles in their diverse roles as diagnosticians, treating physicians, therapists, teachers, scientists, consultants, and colleagues (â€Å"Principles of Ethics and Professionalism in Psychiatry†, n. d. ).