How to Conjugation Plaire (to Please) in French

Essay Tragedy and Redemption in Toni Morrisons Beloved

Tragedy and Redemption in Beloved This is not a story to pass on.(1) With these enigmatic words, Toni Morrison brings to a conclusion a very rich, very complicated novel, in which slavery and its repercussions are brought into focus, examined, and reassembled to yield a story of tragedy and redemption. The peculiar institution of slavery has been the basis for many literary works from Roots to Beloved, with particular emphasis on the physical, mental, and spiritual violence characteristic of the practice of slavery in the South. A far greater shame than slavery itself is the violence that was directed†¦show more content†¦At the center of the novel is Sethe, a former slave who escaped to the North before the Civil War. When the novel begins, a dark, terrible secret hangs over Sethe that keeps her apart from the rest of the people in her neighborhood. As the novel progresses, the story of her life emerges in a complex patchwork. Sethes life for the most part, had been relatively sheltered; at fourteen, she was sold to Sweet Home, where she was a domestic servant rather than a plantation worker. She also had the amazing luck of six whole years of marriage to that somebody son who had fathered every one of her children(29) - a rarity for a slave in the South. Given these circumstances, the abrupt arrival of schoolmaster and his tyrannical methods was a shock to the sensitive Sethe. For the first time in her life, she is whipped; even worse, she is subjected to a forced suckling by schoolmasters nephews for no reason other than that her husband Halle might have unconsciously challenged schoolmasters domination - Maybe Halle made the mistake of saying my wife in some way that would put a light in schoolteachers eye.(276) Immediately after the incident, Sethe flees to the North to

Adam Land Marine Ltd Company is a United States Free Essays

Adam Land Marine Ltd Company is a United States cargo company with its location in the Channelview, Texas. It was established in 1980, as a cargo handling company at the coast of the United States. However, various structural changes have accompanied its activities since its establishment and especially in the highly competitive cargo and shipping business in US. We will write a custom essay sample on Adam Land Marine Ltd Company is a United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now Change to be introduced As the company continues to find a good place in the market share, the loading department is however faced with various inadequacies where high cost and inefficiency loading activity is found within the company. Unless an adequate system in the loading department is done, the company’s activity is at a high discretion of facing high risk of been out of market. The loading department is engaged with all the facilities and activities of handling cargo. The transit system involve unloading as well as loading. However, the loading department is faced with severity of high cost of operations due to the inadequacies faced by its structural and managerial system. It involves various stakes of insufficiency with the loading process taking quite long. Loading problems are highly costly and therefore does not provide standards of optimal costing. (Inqman, Kerstein, Brymer, 2000, p. 1) The main implication and the causing reason can perhaps be allied to the inefficiencies in lack of a value chain strategy for the support of its activities. As a basic requirement of this strategy, all the activities in an organization are supposed to be organized in a substantial manner so that the least cost is felt with the highest level of serviceability. The process of receiving the inbound cargo is faced with the problem of inefficiencies in the receiving and the warehousing process. Either, the process of releasing outbound cargo from the warehousing and the delivery point is insufficient. (Thiru, 2006, p. 1) The general loading and offloading process is therefore faced with big challenge of activities that does not provide an authentic support for optimal costing.   Either, service delivery to customers is poor and threatens the future of the organization especially in the highly competitive market where optimal costing and quality of services/output is never compromised. The main sense of this inefficiency is however a poorly networked management system where optimal costing structures and low standards of service is compromised.   Elsewhere, the technical devices which include both machinery support and the human resource capital that is of low standard is employed in providing loading facility. (Bhimani, 2003, p.45) However, any change that adds optimal costing system is perhaps important to the organization.   At one place, a suggested value chain strategy would perhaps comprehend the best strategy which would even ensure optimal costing standards above high quality of service output.   Through this strategy, the company will therefore be able to pull out the economies of competitive advantages from a well coordinated management system. (http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/industries/Transportation-Communications-Utilities/Marine-Cargo-Handling.html) The loading department will then develop formalities in its economic efficiency where the levels of activity are done in the most appropriate manner for ensuring adequacy and flexibility in the support of its loading and warehousing activities.   The most influential factor would be managerial leadership in the activities of the department through a well supported technical activity and a well coordinated procedures and processes. (Culp, 2001, p.45) It should therefore, include the approach of coordination between the organs involved in the loading department where optimal planning for the organizations structural supply channels of both loading as well as offloading is monitored. Adequacy in this attempt implies a support for controlled costing system.   This would encompass the choice in the department location of its activities as well as a well guided number of activity performances in the loading process which provides the least cost possible. The supply of cargo and the delivery should be well monitored in the autonomy of value chain strategy with the right choice of the delivery and sourcing centers of its cargo been on the sites economical in terms of transport cost factors. (Roney, 2004, p.65) The value chain strategy will provide adequate flexibility for the balance of its activities for meeting adequacy and efficiency parameter in the loading process.   The basic threshold would be standards which imply the highest standard of meeting its goals and aims in the market. Current environmental conditions to the change However, the short run implication to the change would be faced by severity in the environment where the structures and the general outlay of the company activities would seldom help to hold abrupt changes.   The competitive scenario within the market would reflect high reflex rejection to structures that change the state of activity. The basic factor would be the environment of operations which includes both standards of approach for ensuring the changes in the loading department concur with the required phenomenon.   (Willis, Lightle, 2000, p.1) Firstly, the implementation process of the strategy would involve a change in the cost and spending system where new structures for use in the activity ought to be established.   Such establishment which would even involve new programs for activities, new buildings and machinery support for the strategy would perhaps detriment and revoke its establishment in the short run. (Drejer, 2002, p.61) Either, the process and activities are manned by human resource capital which has been developed to the current system through management action.   Since they are used to the general situation, they will actively resist new changes to their general working conditions. Perhaps elsewhere, the strategy will incorporate a change in the activity and roles of the human workforce which would rationally be costly for the short run period. (Gordon, 2005, p.1)   The broad change in the structures would be for providing a rationally admissible environment for the strategy which therefore compound various environmental resistance. Generally therefore, though a good strategy which would help pull competitive advantages for the highest state of profitability, the same will not avoid partial resistance by the operational environment. (Thomson, Sheldon, 2003, p.24)   The stakeholders including the workers, the physical structures and the customers will rationally conflict to one another over changes that choose to displace the originality of the processes.   Elsewhere the general relativism of the organization within the business environment would lead to rational conflicts of finding equilibrium stability. Strategies for overcoming resistance However, a good and active role of corporate management will help to rationalize the standard support for ensuring the solution to the problem. Basically a good support for corporate management would provide coordination in the department where the stakeholder parameters in the process would actively be in coordination with one another.   Management administration will provided the basic method for ensuring that the roles played by the structural outlay of the department would be in a good coordination. (Statt, 2004, p.47) Management support would help to provide adequate facilities for the instruments provided for the role playing in the department. These include the technological management, process management, financial and costing controls, human resource management as well as others.   Either, managerial activity would comprehend both internal and external management.   The internal management would involve monitoring and establishing the most active role support within the internal framework of the department. External management would draw collaboration between the department and the external stakeholders such as customers.   However, both sides of the managerial supply play an important role in the providing support for the best interest of the company. (Thierauf, 1999, p.52) The problem solving through this strategy will help to formulate standards of sourcing facility for its product and customers’ at the most adequate and optimal costing standards. It will involve the most favorable arrangements with which cargo delivery to the external customer and cargo delivery to the central point at its location is made adequate.   It will involve the location of the customer/product sourcing zones which are most adequate in facilitating standards of high cost saving methods. (Bannock, 2005, p.47) It will ensure methods for evaluating the sourcing and outsourcing of its products to provide the highest financial benefits. The channel for cargo supply is structured in a phenomenon that facilitates a high competition in the market place.   It should be a system of operation which provides autonomy in the competitive advantage for the organization.   Through the administration of value chain strategy, the organization through high market demand will help to embrace various technical advantages in the costing facility against high levels of operation efficiency. (Byrant, 1997, p.79) Recommendations Summarily therefore, the loading   department to this organization can only out do its current problems of high costing inefficient activities by a well founded and regulated management control through value chain strategy.   This strategy will offer a support for efficiency and coordination in the activities of the department above providing the best incentive and services to its customers.   Efficiency in customer handling would provide standard of approach for the most efficient methods of performing its business activities. Bibliography Abigail, M, Fleet, D Wright, P (2001) Strategic Management of Human Resources for Global Competitive Advantage. Journal of Business strategies, Vol. 18 Bannock, G. (2005) The Economics and management of Small Business. An International   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perspective. London, Routledge. Bhimani, A. (2003) Management Accounting in the Digital Economy.   Oxford, Press. Bryant, S. (1997) Strategic Management.   Public Management, Vol. 79. Drejer, A. (2002) Strategic Management and Core Competencies: Theory and Application.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Westport, CT, Quorum Books Culp, C. (2001) The Risk Management Process. Business Strategy and Tactics.   Mahwah, NJ, Wiley Gordon, G. (2005) From Vision to implementation Evaluation:   The changing state of strategic planning.   Public Management, Vol. 87. Inqman, D, Kersten, J Brymer, T. (2002) Strategic Planning That Uses an Integrated Approach.   Public Management, Vol. 84. SIC 4491 Marine Cargo Handling. Retrieved on 11th January 2008 from http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/industries/Transportation-Communications- Utilities/Marine-Cargo-Handling.html Statt, D. (2004) The Routledge Dictionary of Business Management. London, Routledge Roney, C. (2004) Strategic Management Methodology: Generally Accepted Principles for Practitioners. Mahwah, NJ, Praeger Thierauf, R. (1999) Knowledge Management Systems for Business. Westport, CT, Quorum Books Thiru, Y. (2006) Reading in management Accounting. Issues in Accounting Education, Vol. 21 Thompson, K Sheldon, O. (2003) The Philosophy of Management. London, Routledge Willis, D, Lightle, S. (2000) Management Reports on Internal Controls. Journal of Accountancy, Vol.190. How to cite Adam Land Marine Ltd Company is a United States, Essay examples

How to Make a Grilled Cheese Sandwich free essay sample

An electric frying pan, 2 slices of bread (preferably white), (softened) butter, and some cheese of your choice Step 1. Plug in and pre-heat the electric frying pan to 400 degrees fahrenheit. Step 2. Take your butter and spread it on one side of both pieces of bread. Step 3. Then you need the cheese (if you are cutting it of a block, 1 eighth of an inch is my recommended thickness) But I like to use singles cheese slices with mine. Step 4. Place your cheese in-between the un-buttered sides of your bread so that the buttered sides are facing out. Step 5. When your electric frying pan is fully heated, place the sandwich on it. Step 6. Let it sit for around 3 minutes, if you want a panini style sandwich, then you can lightly press on the sandwich with a a spatchula while its cooking. Step 7. Then flip it and let the other side sit for only about 2 and a half minutes. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Make a Grilled Cheese Sandwich or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Step 8. Then its done! Step 9. If you want to make it better, try adding Ketchup on the side, along with a pickle. Step 10. Part of the process of making anything is the clean up so dont forget to put away everything, including turning off and unplugging the electric frying pan.

Battle of Belleau Wood in World War I

Battle of Belleau Wood in World War I Part of the 1918 German Spring Offensives, the Battle of Belleau Wood took place between June 1-26 during World War I (1914 to 1918). Fought predominantly by US Marines, victory was achieved after twenty-six days of combat. The main German attack was repulsed on June 4 and US forces began offensive operations on June 6. The battle halted the German Aisne offensive and launched a counterattack in the area. Fighting in the forest was particularly fierce, with the Marines attacking the wood six times before it was finally secured. German Spring Offensives In early 1918, the German government, freed from fighting a two-front war by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, chose to launch a massive offensive on the Western Front. This decision was largely motivated by a desire to end the war before the full strength of the United States could be brought into the conflict. Beginning on March 21, the Germans attacked the British Third and Fifth Armies with the goal of splitting the British and French and driving the former into the sea (Map). After driving the British back after making some initial gains, the advance stalled and was ultimately halted at  Villers-Bretonneux. As a result of the crisis caused by the German attack, Marshal Ferdinand Foch was appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied Armies and tasked with coordinating all operations in France. An assault to the north around Lys, dubbed Operation Georgette, met a similar fate in April. To aid these offensives a third attack, Operation  Blà ¼cher–Yorck, was planned for late May in Aisne between Soissons and Rheims (Map). Aisne Offensive Beginning on May 27, German storm troopers broke through the French lines in Aisne. Striking in an area that lacked substantial defenses and reserves, the Germans forced the French Sixth Army into a full retreat. During the first three days of the offensive, the Germans captured 50,000 Allied soldiers and 800 guns. Moving quickly, the Germans advanced to the Marne River and were intent on pressing on to Paris. At the Marne, they were blocked by American troops at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood. The Germans attempted to take Chateau-Thierry but were stopped by US Army forces centered around the 3rd Division on June 2. 2nd Division Arrives On June 1, the Major General Omar Bundys 2nd Division took up positions south of Belleau Wood near Lucy-le-Bocage with its line extending south opposite Vaux. A composite division, the 2nd consisted of Brigadier General Edward M. Lewis 3rd Infantry Brigade (9th 23rd Infantry Regiments) and Brigadier General James Harbords 4th Marine Brigade (5th 6th Marine Regiments). In addition to their infantry regiments, each brigade possessed a machine gun battalion. While Harbords Marines assumed a position near Belleau Wood, Lewis men held a line to the south below the Paris-Metz Road. As the Marines dug in, a French officer suggested that they withdrawal. To this Captain Lloyd Williams of the 5th Marines famously replied, Retreat? Hell, we just got here. Two days later elements of the German 347th Division from Army Group Crown Prince occupied the forest. With their attack at Chateau-Thierry stalling, the Germans launched a major assault on June 4. Supported by machine guns and artillery, the Marines were able to hold, effectively ending the German offensive in Aisne. Marines Move Forward The following day, the commander of the French XXI Corps ordered Harbords 4th Marine Brigade to retake Belleau Wood. On the morning of June 6, the Marines advanced, capturing Hill 142 to the west of the wood with support from the French 167th Division (Map). Twelve hours later, they frontally assaulted the forest itself. To do so, the Marines had to cross a wheat field under heavy German machine gun fire. With his men pinned down, Gunnery Sergeant Dan Daly called Come on ya sons-of-bitches, ya want to live forever? and got them on the move again. When night fell, only a small section of forest had been captured. In addition to Hill 142 and the assault on the woods, the 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines attacked into Bouresches to the east. After taking most of the village, the Marines were forced to dig in against German counterattacks. All reinforcements trying to reach Bouresches had to cross a large open area and were subjected to heavy German fire. When night fell, the Marines had suffered 1,087 casualties making it the bloodiest day in the Corps history to date. Clearing the Forest On June 11, following a heavy artillery bombardment, the Marines pressed hard into Belleau Wood, capturing the southern two-thirds. Two days later, the Germans assaulted Bouresches after a massive gas attack and almost retook the village. With the Marines stretched thin, the 23rd Infantry extended its line and took over the defense of Bouresches. On the 16th, citing exhaustion, Harbord requested that some of the Marines be relieved. His request was granted and three battalions of the 7th Infantry (3rd Division) moved into the forest. After five days of fruitless fighting, the Marines retook their position in the line. On June 23, the Marines launched a major attack into the forest but were unable to gain ground. Suffering staggering losses, they required over two hundred ambulances to carry the wounded. Two days later, Belleau Wood was subjected to a fourteen-hour bombardment by French artillery. Attacking in the wake of the artillery, US forces were finally able to completely clear the forest (Map). On June 26, after defeating some early morning German counterattacks, Major Maurice Shearer was finally able to send the signal, Woods now entirely -US Marine Corps. Aftermath In the fighting around Belleau Wood, American forces suffered 1,811 killed and 7,966 wounded and missing. German casualties are unknown though 1,600 were captured. The Battle of Belleau Wood and the Battle of Chateau-Thierry showed the United States allies that it was fully committed fighting the war and was willing to do whatever was required to achieve victory. The commander of the American Expeditionary Forces, General John J. Pershing,  commented after the battle that The deadliest weapon in the world is a United States Marine and his rifle.  In recognition of their tenacious fighting and victory, the French awarded citations to those units that participated in the battle and renamed Belleau Wood Bois de la Brigade Marine.   Belleau Wood also showed the Marine Corps flare for publicity. While the fighting was still going on, the Marines routinely circumvented the American Expeditionary Forces publicity offices to have their story told, while those of Army units engaged were ignored. Following the Battle of Belleau Wood, Marines began being referred to as Devil Dogs. While many believed that this term was coined by the Germans, its actual origins are unclear. It is known that the Germans highly respected the Marines fighting ability and classified them as elite storm troopers.

Laughter essays

Laughter essays If you look up laughter in the Dictionary it will tell you that it is a movement (usually involuntary) of the muscles of the face, particularly of the lips, with a peculiar expression of the eyes, indicating merriment, satisfaction, or derision, and usually attended by a sonorous and interrupted expulsion of air from the lungs. The Keyword here is involuntary; usually laughter occurs for no reason and sometimes it does. The first type of laughter is the kind that you do out of happiness. This usually occurs when you hear something humorous or see something that is humorous. It comes almost as an instinct, you dont see or hear something that is funny and then think to yourself, oh this is a funny statement and I should laugh at it. This comes almost like a reflex. Sometimes even when people are angry and someone says something to cheer them up and no matter how hard they try not to laugh a smile creeps up on them. The second kind of laugh is the nervous laugh. This is the less common laugh, it occurs when you want to relieve a tense or stressful situation, basically it means that it is a laugh out of desperation. For example if your parents find out that you did something and they ask you and they really know what you did and you dont know that they know it makes it harder to get out of this situation, you know you are cornered and you manage a fake nervous laugh to make them go easy on you. This can be a very stressful laugh and it is better if this never occurs. ...

London Networking Solutions Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

London Networking Solutions - Article Example (This is a brief introduction to a ghost company, which is not in existence in reality. It's just a creation to answer the question.) MaxiProfit is a management consultancy firm. Management consulting simply refers to both the industry, and the practice of, helping organizations to basically improve their performance, primarily through the analysis of existing business problems and development of plans for improvement. Organizations often hire the services of management consultants. This is because the pursuit of expansion is vigorous and extensive. Experts in the business fields are therefore required for a number of reasons, including, for example, to gain external, and presumably more objective advice and recommendations, which may help solve the problem at hand or for long term plans. Another is to gain access to the consultants' specialized expertise, where the hiring of permanent employees is not required. Because of the exposure of consultants and their relationships with numerous organizations, consultancies are also said to be aware of industry 'best practices,' this is as noted by Sam Palmisano of IBM (2007) although the transferability of such practices from one organization to another is the subject of debate. Upon successful negotiation of a deal, Consultancies may also provide organizational change management assistance, development of coaching skills to the lead staff of the Host Company, technology implementation, strategy development, and operational improvement services. Management consultants generally bring their own, wealth of methodology and frameworks to guide the identification of problems, and to serve as the basis for recommendations for more effective or efficient ways of performing business tasks. Planning is basically important, so as to end up with a workable procedure. This will help save on many things especially financial. Small and medium enterprises Companies always enter into acquisitions for the main reason of assuming the market monopoly. Ancient philosophers once noted that it's better to expand to a giant. One Socrates further created a light moment that one needs not worry of growing slowly but rather should worry of standing still. Growth by acquisition is a thoroughly tried and trusted strategy. This system allows one to move into new markets or increase their existing market share at much more rapid rate than would be likely through the commonly used organic expansion. This is as discovered by Anita Roddick of Beware management consultants (the learned man 2007). Companies hit the mergers acquisitions trail for a host of reasons. Among those noted also include: 1. Taking the threats of main competitors out of the market. For London Networking Solutions the main competitors are all the IT firms that perform network installations within and without the great UK. IBM and SAGEM, being some of them. 2. Another reason could be to Scale up in a particular sector. These sectors include servicing of the installed networks, offering of spare parts and consultancy as far as IT is concerned. These are the main interests of London Networks.

Sobek, Egyptian God of the Nile River Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sobek, Egyptian God of the Nile River - Essay Example To protect themselves from the crocodiles, the people prayed to Sobek to protect them from the crocodiles and other dangers of the Nile River. Sobek is also known as the god of the crocodiles. The people pray to Sobek to protect them as they travel towards the Nile river to fetch drinking water. As time went on, Sobek’s powers included other matters, not only protecting the people from the sudden deadly attacks of the crocodiles. Egyptian Mythology states that Sobek, not another popular god, Nun, created the world. Sobek was depicted as the god who rose from within the River Nile to take the form of a man having a distinct crocodile shape. Specifically, the people of the Fayoum (Arsinoite nome), Kom Ombo, and parts of Thebes worshipped the crocodile god Sobek. The numerous temples were erected to pay religious homage to Sobek. The people prayed to Sobek to give them plentiful harvest. The farm lands were dependent on the Nile River. The Nile River’s drought would reduce the Egyptian Nile River lines’ farm crop outputs. The people pray to Sobek to keep the Nile River flowing. With the Nile River’s flowing, the farm lands have a steady supply of irrigation water. In the temples, the priests would bring a live crocodile into the temple. The people would take care of the crocodile’s every need until its death. After the crocodile’s death, the crocodile is mummified. ... Sobek is described as holding an ankh. The ankh is the symbol of Sobek’s power to destroy or reverse evil acts. In addition, the ankh was described as having the power to bend knives in order to protect the king from life-threatening danger. Sobek was described as having the speed and strength of a crocodile. Sobek was not selfish. Sobek would readily ask for the help of other gods and goddesses to protect the pharaoh and his people from imminent dangers. (Remler 180) Further, Pat Rember’s research indicated Sobek was worshipped as the Nile River god in Egypt. Specifically, the Crocodilopolis community in Fayoum, Egypt, pray to Sobek god to take care of the safety. Likewise, the people have set up many temples or shrines honoring their crocodile god, Sobek. Consequently, the famous Greek writer, Herodotus, insists that some Egyptian communities regarded the crocodiles as sacred animals. The people pampered the crocodiles. The crocodiles were fed well in their special po ols. The legs of the crocodiles are adorned with jewels. The crocodiles are also adorned with gold earrings. However, the people from other locations hunt and kill the crocodiles. Furthermore, the 12th Century Egyptian kings promoted Sobek. Sobek was catapulted from a mere minor god to a patron god of the Egyptian kings. Sobek was described as a closely related to sun god RE. In fact, Sobek also had the name Sobek-RE. Sobek is shown as the male child of Neith, the warrior goddess. The Egyptian people regard Sobek as a gentle god, even when he has a vicious crocodile nature. Sobek, like most Egyptian gods, prefer eating bread and drinking cool water. The gods, especially Sobek, disdain eating large quantities of meat, especially roasted meat. Sobek is often

What is the Purpose of Criminal Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is the Purpose of Criminal Laws - Essay Example he adverse mention of public order, it literally means the wellbeing of the society and interference in its normal functioning by causing chaos or violating rights and privileges of others. In this light, criminal law serves to provide for the protection of the rights of the public by banning certain events and creating guidelines for the punishment. Such events include banning of processions in a bid to protect public interests. This is particularly so for protests that are likely to end up in disorder and public unrest. The above condition puts the authorities in a position to exercise their power to preserve public peace by implementing criminal law, banning the said events (Home Office, n.d.). In protecting public order, criminal law covers sex-related crimes and substance related crimes. This division marks the different crimes that affect members of the public and the society. Of these include prostitution, deviant sex, alcoholism, liquor law violation, pornography and driving under the influence among others (Bundy, 2011). The crimes are labelled so in spite of lack of physical aggression, but due to the dehumanizing nature in them and lowered quality of life associated with them. The other role of criminal law is to deter the occurrence of crime and preventing individuals from engaging in any activities deemed to irresponsible by the society (Bundy, 2011). Criminal law deters criminal behaviour through the sanctions put in place by the laws in regard to their enforcement and other means. This is evident by the use of police statistics showing by how much the crime rates go down after the implementation of effective capture methods (Robinson $ Darley, 2004). In addition, for criminal law to work as a deterrent, there are three factors to be considered. These are the knowledge of the consequences of committing a crime, the influence of the knowledge on the choices the individual makes and the likelihood to weigh the consequences logically (Robinson $

Language And Communication Development

Language And Communication Development Initially, this essay illustrates the importance of play by describing its categories. Play theories are briefly demonstrated and divided into classical and contemporary ones. Thereafter, it mentions the characteristics of language through the theories of two highly respected scientists, Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, in order to understand the correlation between language and play development. It also illustrates the existence of nine basic communication skills and why non-verbal and verbal communication is so important. Moreover, this essay analyzes research which explains the direct relation between play, language and communication. Through detailed references, the idea that the role of play is salient in a childs development is supported. Next it illustrates the importance of finger, mime and rhyme play to explain that even the most common games possess a significant role in language and communication development. Last but not least, it analyzes how play reinforces the literacy de velopment and finally demonstrates the opinion of the writer. The Importance of Play Arguably, play is a vital part of childrens development which has many implications in their lives. Despite the difficulty of referring to a commonly accepted definition, play is a vital part of the developing child (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011). It is a fundamental action which occurs throughout childrens lives and is divided into two categories, free play and structured play. To be exact, free play is an action where the child can choose the rules and the form of play, without the participation and the engagement of an adult. Hence, the child becomes the leader of play (Tassoni Hucker, 2000). Moreover, many researchers have claimed that free play offers more educational opportunities to children. Whereas structured play is defined as an action which is directed by adults and limits childrens learning potentials. Adults are protagonists and possess a primary role in this type of play. For this reason, Thomas, Howard and Miles proved by a study they conducted, that free play, in other words playful mode play, is capable of fostering childrens ability to learn. They state that through this mode childrens communication is benefited, because playfulness creates the ability to enhance various types of behaviors. As a result, educational settings use the playful method to foster childrens language and communication development (McInnes Howard Miles Crowley, 2009). It is of importance to mention that there are play theories which are separated into two categories, classical and modern theories of play. In particular, classical theories consist of the Surplus Energy Theory, Recreational or Relaxation Theory, Pre-exercise Theory and the Recapitulation Theory of play (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011 Stagnitti, 2004 Tassoni Hucker, 2000). Modern theories concluded by the Arousal Modulation Theories of Play, the Psychodynamic Theories of Play, the Cognitive Developmental Theories of Play and the Sociocultural theories of Play. The last category is divided into two sub-categories which are the Play as Socialization and the Metacommunicative Theory (Stagnitti, 2004). Moreover, there are five types of play, which are cited as physical play, play with objects, symbolic play, socio-dramatic/pretence play and games with rules (Whitebread, 2012). The above five types of play help children to expand their abilities not only in the language and communication domain, but also in the physical, cognitive, social and emotional domain (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011). According to the constant evolution of language and communication, play and its benefits in this domain must be analyzed in depth, in order to evaluate childrens developmental potentials through play. Language and Communication Language is a strong communication tool (Moyles, 1989) which fosters childrens abilities. Through language we can live the past again, evaluate the future and use this vital tool when we face complex situations (Crain, 2000). Also, many developmental theorists have tried to explain, how children adopt primal abilities as they grow up and some of them, have given special emphasis to the language and communication development and how it is related to play. They have evaluated childrens development from birth to adulthood. Vygotsky, who was characterized as the Mozart of Psychology (Gray MacBlain, 2012, p.85), claimed in his social constructivism theory, that language is the cultural tool which facilitates the processes of thinking and learning. It was his firm belief that children must comprehend language, in order to interact in the society. Hence, according to Vygotsky, play and language are interrelated (Moyles, 2005). Due to the fact that through play children master communication skills, they interpret the use of objects and imitate the attitudes and the habits of adults (Gray MacBlain, 2012). In addition, he stated that children gain knowledge when they participate in social communication and consequently, they adopt new meanings. Therefore, according to Vygotsky, children act in the zone of proximal development (Whitebread, 1996), which means that every child has limited potential when accomplishing an activity but he can expand his skills with suitable help (Lindon, 2001). However, another respected scientist Piaget did not lay emphasis, as Vygotsky did, on the importance of language during childrens development. Piaget stated that language mechanism is used by the young child only to express some basic satisfactions and not to foster more complex functions such as thought and logic (Gray MacBlain, 2012). Furthermore, Piagets opinions did not promote childrens abilities; instead he undervalued them, by applying activities that were too complex for children competence (Whitebread, 1996). On the contrary, some scientists argue that childrens thought, starts to function logically as they learn how to use language. This happens because language skills are difficult for children to assimilate, but when this gradually occurs, logic develops (Crain, 2000). Nevertheless, Piaget did not support the above notion by mentioning that logic derives from actions (Gray MacBlain, 2012). On the grounds that language is an integral part of communication, it is important to pinpoint some of the skills that children develop in this domain. In other words there are nine basic communication skills. Initially, children learn to request reinforcement, to request assistance, to accept and reject offers. Furthermore, they respond to the order wait or no, they respond to directions, follow a schedule and finally they are able to make a transition from one place to another (Frost Bondy, 2002). For instance, when children pretend to be a patient in a hospital, they learn when they have to wait their turn in order to be examined by the doctor and they give orders such as wait, stay, come. Communication is a complex function. Before the emergence of words, children can communicate adequately before adopting language production and language comprehension (Sheridan Sharma Cockerill, 2008). The above aspect describes the non-verbal communication type which is very important. Newborn babies communicate non-verbally to express their needs. Facial expressions, body language, proto-sounds and perception of feelings are the attributes of non-verbal communication (Whitehead, 1999). Hence, adults start to communicate with children initially non-verbally and eventually verbally. Research proves that conversation between children and adults which contains a large number of open questions is essential because children have the opportunity to respond to spoken language. In other words, when children feel that they are active participants in an adult-child conversation, they feel playful which is salient for the development of language (Howard McInnes, forthcoming). Fostering Language and Communication Skills through Play To begin with, studies have proved that there is a strong connection between language and play. A research which was conducted in Japan in 1989, showed remarkable signs that play and language are strongly correlated. Specifically, the four children who participated in this research were observed twenty times each in a free play mode, where the adults had a passive role. The intention of the study was to analyze early language development and play development (Ogura, 1991). Thus, six features of language were illustrated in order to analyze the findings better. These were the emergence of first words, naming words, vocabulary spurts, word-chains, nonproductive two word utterances and the emergence of productive two-word utterances (Ogura, 1991 p.278). Furthermore, this research divided play into thirteen subcategories. The findings showed that children managed to obtain the ability of naming words because they had been involved in preverbal communication. Also, children began to name objects when the conventional naming act category of play appeared. Furthermore, words and sounds have a strong relationship with each other. It was proved that children through the functional relational manipulation play and the container relational manipulation play, managed to adopt the above important function and the production of first words as well. Moreover, it was stated that early language development is related to subsitutional play. Also, this study illustrated that the environment plays a major role in the development of symbolic play. As a result, language is influenced by social interaction. Moreover, childrens vocabulary spurts appeared in subsitutional play. Word-chains appeared when pretend doll play, subsitutional play and pretend other play took place during the observations. In addition, the fifth language category appeared with planned play and combinatorial symbolic play. The last language category was related to planned play (Ogura, 1991). Undoubtedly, this p aper shows the unique interrelation between language development and play. Researchers evaluated the connection between symbolic play with play materials and symbolic play with play situation. Firstly, during childrens play with unstructured play materials, they found that children who are at the age of three to four could imitate the activities of adults. However, in structured play children were able not only to imitate but also to engage slightly in role play. At the age of four to five childrens unstructured play evolved and they started to express questions and ideas with the mediate tool of spoken language. On the contrary, in structured play they used more conversation. This study showed that in the first type of play children at the age of five to six used their body language and voice to clarify a situation. Also, both in structured and unstructured play, children preferred to play in groups of their own gender. We can notice that structured materials are better for younger children because they do not put limitations on their ideas while playing. In other words, younger children need to enhance their expressive ideas by playing with structured play materials to be adequately prepared for school (Umek Musek, 2001). At the same time, symbolic play related to play situation showed that phonetic imitation (Umek Musek, 2001, p.61) is promoted and that at the age of four children use social speech. Moreover, they use social markers, in order to speak like adults (Ervin-Tripp, 1973). Later, at the age of five children use metacommunication in their play. Metacommunication is very important because children can discuss play. They stop in order to negotiate the next step of the game. Indeed, it promotes dialogue among peers. It is very important because it can be used as scaffolding to childrens language development (Andersen, 2005). According to this study, metacommunication levels are higher when children are older. Moreover, the same study proposes that it is better and more helpful for children to play in mixed groups rather than in groups with members of their own age. Hence, children can play in the zone of proximal development. Therefore, they foster their language and communication skills. Aga in, this study shows us that play which is dependent on materials or situation is correlated with language development. Apart from the above studies there are play activities which enhance language and communication skills. For instance, children are benefited by mime because they develop an alternative thought. This occurs by observing various children demonstrating their thoughts. Consequently, they can think of more complex situations and they are able to express their ideas with enriched vocabulary. Furthermore, finger play helps children with the counting process (Woodard Milch, 2012). Moreover, rhymes can provide many opportunities for children to enhance their language skills. According to a study, rhyme awareness helps children to recognize phonemes which are very important for reading skills. The sensitivity to rhyme enables children to group words together with the same spelling features (Bryant MacLean Bradley Crossland, 1990). Play Fosters Literacy Vygotsky evaluated the role of make-believe play in childrens development and he argued that literacy is enhanced by play. He describes that children initially act spontaneously when they play, and the process of learning happens with their will. On the contrary, when children go to school they must change their behaviors to a planned and a structured environment. Vygotsky stated that make-believe play is the important mediate tool for children to adopt written language and to succeed in school (Roskos Christie, 2007). Furthermore, drawing is considered to be a necessary play for children. Research has shown that children can expand their graphic vocabularies and they can represent their meanings, which means that through drawing communication is enhanced (Whitebread, 2012). Besides, Vygotskys research has shown that drawings in early childhood are connected with the ability of writing and spoken language, which means that the meaning of childrens drawings is not only the drawing as a picture but the drawing as an expressive tool of their thoughts (Roskos Christie, 2007). In conclusion, it is worth mentioning, that in childrens play the repetition and the renaming of play materials fosters the ability of the direct relation between words and the objects they portray. The above function is called metalinguistic awareness and it has been proved that it is necessary for written language (Roskos Christie, 2007 p.193). Conclusions It is clear, therefore, that the above essay illustrates the direct correlation between play, language and communication. Despite the fact that it has been proved that play fosters the learning process, there are still opponents of this view, who state that formal learning strategies are better than playful approaches. However, this essay contradicts the notion of formal learning methods by supporting the theory, that play does enhance language and communication by citing adequate bibliography to prove it. Children can reach high standards in the learning process of language because during play they are motivated and are not possessed by the feeling of fear (McInnes et al., 2009). To sum up, due to the fact that play has been decreased in school settings, it is salient to ensure that play must exist in preschool and in the first school years of a child, because a child is always above his average age, above his daily behavior; in play it is as though he were a head taller than himself (Roskos Christie, 2007, p.199).

morgan horses :: essays research papers

Justin Morgan was a living legend. Born in 1789, Justin Morgan started life as a small, rough-coated colt known as "Figure." Gradually, the local population began to talk about the feats of "the Justin Morgan horse". Justin Morgan also proved to be one of the greatest breeding horses of all time. While most breeds develop by breeding horses of similar characteristics to each other, Justin Morgan's ability to pass his characteristics to his offspring for generations to come allowed this single stallion to found an entire breed in his likeness. Today, every registered Morgan traces back to Justin Morgan through his best-known sons Bulrush, Sherman, and Woodbury. As America grew so did the feats of the Morgan. During the Civil War, Morgans served as cavalry mounts and artillery horses. A cavalryman was only as good as his horse and the Morgan is mentioned in many sources as a highly desired horse during the Civil War. The First Vermont Cavalry, mounted entirely on Morgans, gained a wide spread reputation as a fighting unit. The first Morgan Horse Register was published in 1894. In the Civil War, the famed Vermont Cavalry was mounted on Morgan horses. Not only did the Union's General Sheridan ride his Morgan Rienzi, Stonewall Jackson rode his Morgan, 'Little Sorrel,' for the Confederacy as well! In the Indian Wars, the only survivor in the Battle of the little Big Horn was Keogh's Morgan-bred horse Comanche. Crosses to the fastest Morgan blood produced the great speed of today’s racing Standard breds. The foundation sire of the Tennessee Walking horse, Allen F-1, was a grandson of the Morgan stallion Bradford's Telegraph. The oldest of all American breeds the Morgan was strong enough to contribute greatly to almost every other American light horse breed while retaining its own identity across two centuries. In barns and show rings across the country, the Morgan show horses flash by with heads high, eyes bright, and nostrils wide - Morgan quality showing in every hair on their gleaming, muscular bodies. The Morgan legend has also spread around the world. Morgans worked along side their owners clearing fields and forests. By locating second, third, and fourth generation descendants of the original Morgan horse, they established the foundations of the breed. The majority of Morgans, however, did their daily work willingly and efficiently. They were highly regarded as general-purpose horses capable of performing a wide variety of tasks.

Classical Theory Essay

The Difference Between a Classical Management Theory & a Human Relations Theory by Stacy Zeiger, Demand Media Human relations theory seeks to develop satisfied employees. Classical management theory and human relations theory represent two views of management on the opposite ends of the spectrum. One view focuses on looking at workers solely as a means to get work done, while the other focuses on developing an organization and the behaviors and motivations of employees. Most managers find that a combination of the two theories serves them best in their businesses. Ads by Google Ssangyong Korando Special New Offer On SsangYong Korando From Only R2499p/m. Enquire Online Now! www.ssangyongdeals.co.za What is Classical Management Theory? Classical management theory involves creating multiple levels of workers to improve productivity. Employees at the lowest levels find their tasks overseen by supervisors who, in turn, are overseen by managers. At every level, employees are expected to perform tasks according to specific procedures designed to maximize productivity. In addition, this theory focuses on an impersonal side of business. Employees and managers should not allow friendliness and personal interactions to become involved with the organization. Rules must be followed exactly, and the hiring and firing of employees must relate only to the skills they possess. Pros and Cons of Classical Management Theory Classical management theory is not used in many organizations because of its shortcomings. While some components of the theory, such as designing procedures for completing a task and keeping personal issues out of business, help an organization focus on the job at hand, the theory fails to recognize the differences among employees. When employee feelings and opinions are not taken into account, the business may not grow or may experience high levels of employee turnover as employees fail to develop a relationship with the business and leave in search of a more satisfying job. What is Human Relations Theory? Human relations theory, also known as behavioral management theory, focuses more on the individuals in a workplace than the rules, procedures and processes. Instead of directives coming directly from management, a human relations theory provides communication between employees and managers, allowing them to interact with one another to help make decisions. Instead of giving workers quotas and requiring certain procedures, workers are exposed to motivational and emotional tactics to get them to increase productivity. The focus of this style is creating fulfilled, productive workers and helping workers invest in a company. Pros and Cons of Human Relations Theory While many companies operate based on the human relations theory, this type of management has dangers. Companies risk workers becoming too social or easily swayed by personal emotions and opinions when making decisions, rather than relying on hard data. It may be more difficult to reprimand employees for poor performance or dismiss them once they have become invested in the company. Despite these risks, human relations theory has the potential to increase employee retention rates and productivity. As employees feel more valued by a company, they invest in that company and its greater good.

Gun Control misc8 essays

Gun Control misc8 essays Since the days of the pioneers of the United States, firearms have been part of the American tradition as protection and a means of hunting or sport. As we near the end of the 20th century the use of guns has changed significantly. Because of fast and steady increase in crime and the fight for the right to own a hand gun, the introduction of legislation for gun control, to try to reduce the crime in the United States, has been a hotly debated issue in recent years. Although many people feel that gun control violates the right of the people, given in the second amendment "the right to bear arms", controlling distribution and sales and the registration of guns and gun owners is necessary because of the homicide rate involving guns and the violence by criminals using guns. Many people feel that gun control violates the right of the people given in the second amendment the right "to bear arms". Opponents of gun control, including the National Rifle Association, better known as the NRA, argue that the "right To bear arms" is guaranteed in the second amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America and licensing restrictions penalize law-abiding citizens while in no way preventing criminal use of handguns. It is also argued that by making it difficult for guns to be bought and registered for the American public there is a threat to the personal safety of American families everywhere. However controlling the sale and distribution of firearms is necessary because of the homicide rate involving guns. In 1988 there were 9000 handgun related murders in America. Metropolitan centers and some suburban communities of America are setting new records for homicides by handguns. Larger Metropolitan centers have ten times the murder rate of all Western Europe. For example in Washington,D.C. there was an estimated 400 homicides including guns. In addition gun control has been seen as necessa...

How to Dry Nails Fast Using Science

How to Dry Nails Fast Using Science The internet is full of tips that supposedly dry your nails faster, but which ones actually work? Heres a look at some of the most common ideas and whether or not they will speed your drying time. Plunging Wet Nails into Ice Water This doesnt work! If it did, dont you think every nail tech out there would be doing it? Think about it... nail polish is a polymer, formed by a chemical reaction. Lowering the temperature lowers the rate of the chemical reaction, plus it slows the evaporation of the solvents in the polish. Yes, the icy water may thicken the polish so it seems to dry more quickly, but the only way to get a hard coat of polish is to let it dry. The cold water wont hurt anything, but it wont speed things up  unless you dry your hands under an air dryer afterward. If you think this works, consider how much time you spend with your hands in ice water and compare it against normal drying. Or, conduct your own science experiment and put one hand in the ice water and leave one to dry on its own. Putting Hands in the Freezer This is not the most economical method, but its unlikely to hurt anything other than your electric bill. The cold can thicken the polish while the circulating air evaporates the solvent. Using a Blow Dryer or Fan This speeds the set of the film former (usually nitrocellulose). Just be sure you dont use so much force that you blow ripples into your polish (unless that is the desired effect). Apply a Quick-Dry Product These contain solvents that evaporate quickly, pulling the liquid in the polish along with them. Apply Cooking Spray Whether or not this works depends on the product. If you simply pressurize oil, youre not going to see much of an effect aside from moisturized hands. On the other hand (hah), if the spray contains a propellant, it will evaporate quickly, acting like a quick-dry product. Spray Nails with Canned Air Again, this works much like a quick-dry product. Canned air is a little expensive, so you might want to blow keyboard chow out of your laptop and opt for an inexpensive quick-drying top coat instead. What works and what doesnt? Quick drying polish is effective, plus it matters whats in the product.

Homeostasis in humans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Homeostasis in humans - Essay Example Homeostasis includes control of blood water balance, sugar level, temperature and urea in the blood. Cells combine to form tissues which form organs. Fluids contained in the cells are referred to as intracellular fluid while the fluid surrounding the cells are extracellular fluids. Nutrients such as glucose, oxygen and water are supplied through the extracellular fluid. (Chiras, 2003) The main body organs that are used to maintain homeostasis include the brain which has different parts responsible for various body functions, the liver and the kidneys and the skin. To achieve coordination, sensors in the various body organs send signals to the brain. Looking superficially at the functions of these organs as pertains to homeostasis, the brain has three main roles in homeostasis which are executed by the hypothalamus, the autonomous nervous system and the endocrine system which has the pituitary gland as the master gland which controls and oversees the working of all other hormone producing parts of the body. The negative feedback works to maintain an optimum value which represents a set point in homeostasis. When a condition deviates, this corrective mechanism returns it to norm. In order for it to be functional the receptors detect the change while the effectors carry out the corrective measures. The brain is the control centre that coordinates this response. If the deviations are not corrected, further deviation occurs and this is referred to as positive feedback. For instance, glucose is transported to the blood. In case of rise in the blood sugar, for example after a meal, regulation would involve both the pancreas and the liver. In the pancreas, there are Islets of Langerhans which are groups of a special cells that secrete more insulin and less glucagon. For a system to attain a sustainable system, both the negative and positive feedbacks should be present. The lungs homeostatic functions involve regulation of pH and gaseous exchange

Anthropology of humor paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Anthropology of humor - Research Paper Example The general mindset, though not in so many words, is â€Å"Hey, life is tough. I need a good laugh!† That’s because laughter has power. Humor is a force that can take life’s trials and cast them aside for a few moments. As such, when times are tough, people come to rely on humor more and more to add some color to their hum-drum world. The humor itself takes many different forms, and in that we can see its easy applicability. Between absurdity, hypothetical situations, religious humor, hate humor, and more, there is really no situation that cannot be touched by and enlivened with humor. True, there is some concern that perhaps humor can take Freedom of Speech to an inappropriate level, but the actual risk is minimal as we will see. Then, at the opposite end of the spectrum from Freedom of Speech is the refusal of some to indulge in humor. Unfortunately, there are those who feel that they must hold themselves back, or â€Å"self-censor,† in order to not dama ge their social standing with others. In such cases, it is debatable whether or not humor could improve the situation, but we will explore both sides of the argument. In essence, this paper will walk the gamut of humor, and will hopefully impart upon readers a more thorough understanding of humor and its uses. We begin with violence in humor. In American culture, violence permeates humor to an astounding extent. From one-liners to short-story-type jokes, many comedy bits have a violent tone to them. For example, there is the one-liner â€Å"The last thing I want to do is hurt you, but it’s still on the list.† Then there is the much longer CIA joke (â€Å"Angel Fire†): A few months ago, there was an opening with the CIA for an assassin. These highly classified positions are hard to fill, and there's a lot of testing and background checks involved before you can even be considered for the position. After sending some applicants through the background checks, train ing and testing, they narrowed the possible choices down to 2 men and a woman, but only one position was available. The day came for the final test to see which person would get the extremely secretive job. The CIA men administering the test took one of the men to a large metal door and handed him a gun. â€Å"We must know that you will follow your instructions no matter what the circumstances" they explained. "Inside this room, you will find your wife sitting in a chair. Take this gun and kill her." The man got a shocked look on his face and said, "You can't be serious! I could never shoot my own wife!" "Well", says the CIA man, "You're definitely not the right man for this job then." So they bring the second man to the same door and hand him a gun. "We must know that you will follow instructions no matter what the circumstances", they explained to the second man. "Inside you will find your wife sitting in a chair. Take this gun and kill her." The second man looked a bit shocked, but nevertheless took the gun and went in the room. All was quiet for about 5 minutes, then the door opened. The man came out of the room with tears in his eyes. "I tried to shoot her, but I just couldn't pull the trigger and shoot my wife. I guess I'm not the right man for the job." "No" the CIA man replied, "You don't have what it takes. Take your wife and go home." Now they're down to the woman left to test. Again they lead her to the same door to the same room and handed her the same gun. "We must be sure that you will fol

E-Commerce Application Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

E-Commerce Application Development - Essay Example There are lots of other security threats we can face regarding the online business information theft. The hacker hacks the business information and cause a huge damage. This valuable business information can be its customer record or deal/sales record. In this case business customer can have less confidence on the business policies; this will be a great danger for the business (Norton, 2001) and (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). 10 Next main security threat we have is regarding computer virus attacks on the business network or computer system. These viruses can delete damage or destroy the business system and stop the overall business operation that is really problematic for the business. In the scenario business customer can leave the business (Norton, 2001) and (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). 10 Here I will suggest some online business security management initiatives those can offer some better business security management and handling. Initially for an online business we need to establish a security policy that defines the possible security threats and initiates to counter those security breaches. Next we need to make available the customer privacy policy on the web. This will offer the customer to recognize the main security initiatives that business has taken to secure mange and control the business and customer information. The next step we need to take is regarding the business information security management about the business network security. Here we implement a network firewall that protects the business from some external attacks. Here we also need to install anti virus, anti spy and anti phishing system to ensure the business network security and integrity (Norton, 2001) and (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). 11 With the passage of time e-commerce technologies have been swiftly emerging. The people using Internet for shopping of products and

A Message to Garcia Essay Example for Free

A Message to Garcia Essay A Message to Garcia is an award winning essay written in 1899. It serves as an inspiration to some as well as a lesson. In the essay President McKinley needed to have a message delivered to Garcia in the jungles of Cuba, he trusted one man with this mission, Rowan. He gave Rowan clear instructions on what to do. He gave him no tips nor told him any way he could complete this mission, he simply trusted Rowan to get the job done with his skill alone. What I’ve taken from this is the leadership and trust that is put into action throughout a unit. The company commander passes down an order to the platoon commander who in turn passes it down to the platoon sergeant and then to the squad leaders and fire team leaders who are tasked with accomplishing the mission. The trust that was put in Rowan is the same trust that is tasked throughout squads and fire teams. We have to be able to use the resources that we have on hand and the skills we learn throughout our training to be able to accomplish whatever mission and task is set before us. It gives examples at the end of the essay of different types of people who could be tasked out for missions but get lost along their way and lose sight of what needs to be done. It talks about people who need to do work when the â€Å"boss† is away and does work as well when he is at home. The man who when given an order doesn’t question it, but obeys without hesitation and does his job proficiently and thoroughly. The leaders who step up when it is needed and when it is not to be able to build trust in one another and earn the respect of his peers. A Message to Garcia highlights a prime example of the leadership that is need in a battalion, company, platoon and squad sized element, as well as the society we live in.

Singapore Differ From Other Countries In Asia Geography Essay

Singapore Differ From Other Countries In Asia Geography Essay As one of the Four Tigers of Asia, Singapore has been widely acclaimed for its rare economic phenomenon that caused its rapid growth and promotion to the status of a developed country. However, what truly sets Singapore apart from the rest is that amid the fast paced industrial development and rapid urbanization, Singapore was able to at achieve a high level of environmental standards that allowed it to be renowned in the region as a â€Å"Garden City†. Therefore, it is of great interest that we discuss the key factors to Singapores success in achieving a clean and green physical environment and the extent of its achievement. Through comparison with other Asian countries, we will also aim to identify the difference between these attempts. â€Å"Brown† Policy Upon independence in 1965, Singapore was faced with a number of critical environmental issues such as removal of waste, lack of clean water supply, land pollution etc. While at the same time, the nation also had to tackle economic and social issues, which further complicates the efforts in environmental planning. In other Asian countries that experienced similar rapid economic growth, most of these countries adopted the â€Å"Grow First, Clean Up Later† policy and thus have the tendency to neglect the environmental issues and concentrate more on economic and development growth. (T.Rock, 2002) For instance, the larger cities in South East Asia such as Bangkok contributes to half of Thailands economic growth, however it still faces numerous environmental problems such as air and water pollution that are still not given due attention. (Refer to Excerpt 1.1) Therefore, we can see that the importance attached by the government to environmental issue is a key factor to the success of its environmental management programme. (Chia, 1987) (Source: Extracted from Tapvong, C., and Kruavan, J., Water quality improvements: A contingent valuation study of the Chao Phraya River, EEPSEA Research Report, 1999.) Unlike its counterparts, the Singapore government adopted the â€Å"Brown† Policy which gives priority to developmental goals such as urban expansion and economic growth while at the same time ensuring that pollution issues that arise be addressed appropriately. (Teo, Yeoh, Lai, Ooi, 2004) Through this policy, economic growth and environmental management becomes partners in national development rather than nemesis. For example, while Singapore government greatly promoted industrialization in the 1970s, legislations such as the Clean Air Standard Regulations (CASR) and Trade Effluent Regulations (TER) were introduced that requires industries to follow stringent standards in effluents and air pollution control. Relocation efforts of the population to public housing estates were also packaged with environmental management plans such as the establishment of sewage and sanitation system and solid waste collection and disposal facilities. (Teo, Yeoh, Lai, Ooi, 2004) Government Support Noting the importance of governmental support, Singapore became among the earliest countries in the world to introduce a Ministry solely focused on environmental issues. The seriousness of environmental management efforts differentiated Singapore from the rest of the NIEs in the region in the 1970s. (Teo, Yeoh, Lai, Ooi, 2004)The creation of Anti Pollution Unit in 1970 under the Prime Minister Office and Ministry of Environment in 1972 signaled to polluters the governments commitment to environmental issues. (T.Rock, 2002) (Source: Adapted from Chia, L.S. (Ed) (1987), Fig 2, pg 117, Environmental Management in Southeast Asia.) The Ministry of Environment formed in 1972 changed its name to become Ministry of Environment and Water Resources in 2004. Under the Ministry are 2 statutory boards, namely the National Environmental Agency and Public Utilities Board. The trio forms the main institution group in charge of environmental issues and sustainability. (Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, 2008) With the establishment of Ministry of Environment, environmental policies were translated into legal framework with cooperation from other governmental agencies. Adequate legal support thus provided the support necessary for enforcement. The extensive organization structure of the Ministry of Environment also allowed for an encompassing approach towards environmental issues. (Source: Adapted from Chia, L.S. (Ed) (1987) Fig 3, pg 119, Environmental Management in Southeast Asia.) To keep up with the complexity and changing nature of environmental issues, legislation passed by the Ministry were also amended frequently. One such example will be on the control of air quality and traffic congestion. To aid in solving the air pollution problem, the Singapore government passed legislation in 1st May 1990, which instituted a system of limiting the growth of motor vehicles by requiring all citizens to bid for a Certificate of Entitlement before gaining the right to own a car. (Didier Millet and the National Heritage Board, 2010) After observing that this does not effectively decrease the traffic congestion problem in CBD areas, the government was quick to implement the Electronic Road Pricing system with rates that will be adjusted where necessary to minimize congestion on the roads. Implementation and Enforcement To ensure effective implementation and enforcement, the Ministry of Environment was also vested with the direct authority to enforce the environmental legislation it introduced. This distinguishes Singapore from other countries that have well-defined environmental legal framework but lack the effective enforcement. A unified environmental authority responsible for policy formulation, implementation of environmental programme and coordination of other agencies backed with substantial monitoring, enforcement and inspection capabilities no doubt contributed to the success of environmental management in Singapore. (Chia, 1987) The National Environmental Agency (NEA), formed in 1st July 2002, becomes the main institution empowered by National Environment Agency Act to effectively check on industries and to enforced and implement the environments standards as per required by the respective environmental legislations passed by Ministry of Environment and Water Resources. (Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, 2008) (Source: Adapted from Chia, L.S. (Ed) (1987), Appendix 1, pg 161, Environmental Management in Southeast Asia) In contrast, countries in the region such as Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia without an unified umbrella environmental institution faces the fragmentation of environmental responsibility among their governmental agencies, which often impedes progress in environmental planning. (Chia, 1987) For instance, Indonesias environmental impact management agency, the BAPEDAL under the State Ministry of Population and Environment (SMPE) lacks legal authority to inspect and enforce the standards they have implemented. For example, only the Ministry of Industries (MOI) and the local police had the authority to enter factories to take emissions samples and they rarely did so, thus it becomes extremely difficult for BAEPAL to monitor and enforce industrial emission. Moreover, the court refused to grant legal standing to the emission standards or to the result of monitoring by BAEPAL, which effectively made it virtually impossible for prosecution of polluters. (T.Rock, 2002) Extent of Singapores Success As a result of the above factors, Singapore can be said as the most successful country in ASEAN to meet the environmental standards set by the World Health Organization and US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). In Figure 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3, we can observe that Singapore has achieved the most remarkable result in Ambient Air and Water Quality as compared to other East Asian Newly Industrializing Economies. (Source: Extracted from T.Rock, M. (2002). Table 1-2, pg 4, Pollution Control in East Asia, Lessons from the Newly Industrializing Economy. ) (Source: Extracted from T.Rock, M. (2002). Figure 7-1, pg 144, Pollution Control in East Asia, Lessons from the Newly Industrializing Economy.) (Source: Extracted from T.Rock, M. (2002). Figure 7-2, pg 145, Pollution Control in East Asia, Lessons from the Newly Industrializing Economy.) As compared to 1980s, Singapores has also improved greatly in its air pollution control, with its air quality performing way below the standards set by USEPA in 2008. For example, the Sulphur Dioxide level in 1978-1989 fluctuates around the range of 30-40 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 , while between 2006-2008, the Sulphur Dioxide level is controlled around the range of 11-12 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 . (Source: Extracted from Sani, S. (1993). Overall Pollution in Singapore, Pg 90, Urban Environment in ASEAN: Changing Regional Concerns and Approaches. In M. Seda, Environmental Management in ASEAN.) Pollutant Averaging Time Unit 2006 2007 2008 USEPA NAAQS1 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Annual ÃŽ ¼g/m3 11 12 11 80 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Annual ÃŽ ¼g/m3 24 22 22 100 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1-hour3 mg/m3 3.7 2.3 2.3 40 8-hour3 mg/m3 2.6 1.7 1.5 10 Ozone 8-hour4 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 127 140 103 1476 Particulate Matter PM10 24-hour3 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 2282 69 57 150 Particulate Matter PM2.5 24-hour5 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 802 35 30 35 Annual ÃŽ ¼g/m3 23 19 16 15 Lead Quarterly average ÃŽ ¼g/m3 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.157 [Fig 4.5: Environment Clean Air Statistic from 2006-2008] (Source: Adapted from Ministry of Environment and Water Resources. (2009, August 31). Key Environmental Statistic: Clean Air.) In a short span of 30-40 years, with a sound environmental management program coupled with strong government commitment on environmental issues, Singapore has successfully developed itself from what may described as a slum in 1965 to a world recognized â€Å"Green† city in the 1990s onwards. Differences in Situation Even as Singapore can be proud of its achievement in environmental planning and management, we have to keep in mind that it is also due to a difference in situation as compared to our neighboring states that these can be accomplished. Firstly, ever since independence in 1965; Singapore has been ruled by the main political party, People Action Party, without any significant contest from oppositions. This has simplified and resulted in easier coordination of law enforcement with strict administrative measures of environmental legislation. In addition, a one party rule in Singapore has allowed for high degree of commitment across all governmental agencies and resulted in a more effective set up of administrative structure, provision of funding and manpower for the building of pollution control and waste disposal facilities. (Chia, 1987) As there is little change in political powers in Singapore, the PAP government were also able to adopt the Long-Term, Integrated Planning principles which is to align all our policies from energy to transport to industry and urban planning and take a long term and complete view of our needs and circumstances (Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable Development, 2009). The mandate given to the PAP government assured them that there will be not be any unforeseen change in their political power in the near future and thus allowed them to have the decisiveness and flexibility to enact long term policies, a strong advantage that countries like Thailand with a dynamic unstable political system may not enjoy. (Sani, 1993) Furthermore, geographical advantage has prevented the Singapore government to face natural adverse conditions that often complicates the implementation of environmental policies such as earthquakes, flooding, drought, volcanic eruptions that our neighboring countries have to deal with constantly. Conclusion In conclusion, Singapores success in environmental management is largely due to the commitment and emphasis placed by the government in this area. With adequate legal, financial and manpower support, coupled with close cooperation between governmental agencies has allowed establishment of environmental facilities, institution and implementation of environmental legislation to proceed in a coordinated, well-planned manner. However, it is also due to the small area size of the city state, the political monopoly of PAP and the absence of natural disaster that has also made it easier for the government to manage. Bibliography Chia, L. S. (Ed) (1987). Environmental Management in Southeast Asia. Singapore: National University of Singapore, Faculty of Science. Didier Millet and the National Heritage Board. (n.d.). Certificate of Entitlement. Retrieved February 25, 2010, from Singapore: The Encyclopedia: http://www.singapedia.com.sg/entries/c/certificate_of_entitlement.html Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable Development. (2009). A Lively and Liveable Singapore: Strategies for Sustainable Growth. Singapore: Ministry of Environment and Water Resources and Ministry of National Development. Ministry of Environment and Water Resources. (2008, June 02). About MEWR: Our History. Retrieved February 16, 2010, from MEWR Official Website: http://app.mewr.gov.sg/web/Contents/Contents.aspx?ContId=2 Ministry of Environment and Water Resources. (2009, August 31). Key Environmental Statistic: Clean Air. Retrieved February 24, 2010, from MEWR Official Website: http://app.mewr.gov.sg/web/Contents/Contents.aspx?ContId=52 Sani, S. (1993). Urban Environment in ASEAN: Changing Regional Concerns and Approaches. In M. Seda, Environmental Management in ASEAN (pp. 83-110). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. T.Rock, M. (2002). Pollution Control in East Asia, Lessons from the Newly Industralizing Economy. United State of America: Resources for the Future and the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Tapvong, C. a. (1999). Water quality improvements: A contingent valuation study of the Chao Phraya River. Thailand: EEPSEA Research Report. Teo, P., Yeoh, B. S., Lai, K. P., Ooi, G. L. (2004). Environmental Planning and Management. In Changing Landscapes of Singapore (pp. 19-33). Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education(Asia).

Analysis of the First Paragraph in Porter’s Old Mortality :: Porter’s Old Mortality

Analysis of the First Paragraph in Porter’s Old Mortality First, I would like to make some broad generalizations about Katherine Anne Porter’s stories. The selections of stories that I have read could be considered stories about transition, passage from an old world to a new. There is a prolific amount of life and death imagery related to changes from slavery to freedom, aristocracy to middle-class, and birth to death. Her stories contain characters from several generations and the narratives move through out this multi-generational consciousness. The stories are as much about antitheses as the move from tradition to modernity or new ideas/ideals. The narrative perspectives illustrate the chasm between old and young/old and new. I believe the opening text of â€Å"Old Mortality† illustrates both the conflicting views of different generations/values and ideals as well as the attempt to understand and resolve each other’s opposite. The first paragraph gives the reader a description of Aunt Amy. It is difficult to distinguish who the narrator of the text is at this particular point. It is neither Miranda or Maria nor the Grandmother. It would appear to be an omniscient narrator of no relation to the characters. Yet, the narrator displays the affect of both the young girls’ feelings and thoughts about Aunt Amy’s picture as well as the Grandmother’s perception of Amy. While the first sentence is mostly objective description, the second sentence is full of the affectation of a subjective point of view. Aunt Amy is described as wearing a â€Å"white collar [that] rose from the neck of her tightly buttoned black basque, and round white cuffs set off lazy hands with dimples in them, lying at ease in the folds of her flounced skirt.† Words like â€Å"tightly,† â€Å"lazy,† and â€Å"ease† seem to describe what would be considered the traditional concept of the Southern woman. The wealthy Southern female is conservative, pure, fragile, peaceful, and delicate. These descriptive words could be viewed as an alignment with the traditional Southern view of women; therefore Amy is â€Å"beautiful and charming† in the eyes of the Grandmother and â€Å"every older person† and â€Å"everyone who had known her.† However, within those same words there appears the rather opposite yet still highly subjective view of t he young girls who are attempting to reconcile the new values and ideas of the present with the old traditions of the past. The words â€Å"tightly,† â€Å"lazy,† and â€Å"ease† could be seen from the young girls perspective as negative descriptions suggesting boundaries, confinement, limitations, and exclusion.

Gourevitch book review Essay

Renowned American author and journalist Philip Gourevitch, presents his 1998 ardent and authoritative non-fiction publication titled We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families, stories from Rwanda. New York: Paw Prints. The book chronicles the events in the Rwandan genocide and provides a riveting description of the author’s travel to Rwanda after the genocide and the horrors he encountered. He interviews a number of those who survived the ordeals and gathers the information which he uses to reconstruct their horrifying stories and thus provides a reflection of the genocide. Gourevitch has earned a number of prestigious awards as an appreciation of his highly credible and analytical book. The 1998 National Book Critics Award leads the number of numerous awards that he has managed to scoop. The 1994 Rwandan genocide brought this tiny country in East Africa into the limelight. Gourevitch made follow ups to the 1994 genocide and he gained interest in unearthing the information since he was not getting satisfied by following the happenings from afar. This prompted him to make a number of trips in a period of two years to both Rwanda and its neighbors. It was during his visits to report about the aftermath of the genocide that he published his book. Most of the information that America and most of the western countries have on the genocide is mainly accredited to Gourevitch’s work. The author starts the book by describing Decimation which he describes as â€Å"the killing of every tenth person in a population†. Gourevitch goes further to describe how in the summer of 1994 a series of â€Å"massacres decimated the Republic of Rwanda† (Gourevitch, 1998 p. 1). The author argues that even though the massacre was carried out with machetes, the rate at which it was carried out was staggering. To highlight the seriousness of these killings the author compares them with the Holocaust in which he points out that the massacre was nearly three times deadlier than the Holocaust. He narrates how the government had adopted a new policy in which the Hutu majority was to kill all the Tutsi’s minority with the reasoning being that this would make the world a better place. What followed were cold blooded murders of the Tutsi minority with use of machetes (Gourevitch, 1998). Gourevitch adopts a rather judgmental and snarky tone that is geared towards those who made decisions that in one way or another led to the genocide. He also tackles the root problems that sparked the mass killings in this small country. The author in his logical thinking about the root cause of the genocide argues that the colonial history of Rwanda was a major contributor to the genocide. Gourevitch argues that the tribal rivalry between the Hutu majority and the Tutsi minority can be traced back to the Belgium regime which colonized Rwanda. The author points out that â€Å"Belgium itself was a nation divided along ethnic lines, in which the Francophone Walloon minority,† ruled the country (Gourevitch, 1998 p. 58). The regime while in Rwanda fostered the minority Tutsi elites and portrayed the Hutu’s as a downtrodden ethnic race just useful as the workforce. This would obviously leave a bad taste to the majority Hutu group towards the minority Tutsi group. The extent for this hate was clearly highlighted at the rate with which the killings took place which the author says were the â€Å"most efficient mass killing since Hiroshima and Nagasaki† (Gourevitch, 1998, p. 1). Gourevitch presents this book in such a way that it is highly critical of the lack of intervention from Western governments and the United Nations forces, who he claims just stood by and watched as the killings took place. The Belgians and the French are blamed for their complicity and also the author portrays these countries as some that aided in reinforcing their own senses of impunity. One of the most disturbing truths in the book that the author reveals is that those who had died knew they were going to die. The author tells of how â€Å"it was announced on radio, it was in the newspapers, people spoke of it openly† (p. 18). This use of the media to propagate the killings is also to be blamed since it acted as a focal point in the genocide. Theda Skocpol a renowned sociologist and political scientist, tries to offer some light as to why violence may tend to occur in a political system. She mainly takes her ideas from the Marxist class conflict in which she mainly argues from the rural agrarian and state conflicts. The author of STATES AND SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China aims to offer some explanations by employing both the â€Å"Marxist scholarship and recent social science theories about revolution† (Skocpol, 2007 p. 35). In her book she argues that France, Russia and China are all successful revolutions and even though they are quite a number of differences there seems to be a pattern that is distinctive of the three revolutions. Skocpol argues that a change in a social system will quite often lead to grievances and thus the emergence of group interests with the effective potential of collective mobilization. This as she points out will lead to the emergence of mass based movements that may have the purpose of overthrowing an entire social order. She argues that this revolutionary movement will fight and in case it wins it will establish its own authority (Skocpol, 2007 p. 14-15). This can be paralleled to what happened in Rwanda where the Hutu had grievances against the minority Tutsi and thus embarked on actions that were geared towards changing an entire social order with the belief that by exterminating the Tutsi people they could make the world better place† (Gourevitch, 1998 p. 6). The author in this book tries hard to prove that it was a genocide and he even asserts his position on the severity of this matter by reminiscing of how he read that â€Å"the United States had decided for the first time in its history to use the word genocide to describe what happened† (Gourevitch, 1998 p. 7). Gourevitch in this book only provides antecedents rather that clear cut answers and therefore the satisfaction of the book is not quenched. Gourevitch’s book is mainly geared towards criticizing the response of the international community in responding and averting the genocide and his anger cannot be hidden and this leads to him only presenting one side of the story instead of being neutral. The book is extremely critical of the west and the United Nation which the author uses sarcasm to depict how the Rwandans never thought the UN soldiers knew how to shoot in order to quell the killings but after a while they were showed their prowess in shooting dogs which were eating corpses in the streets. However, the atrocities that took place in Rwanda are still capable of happening anywhere else and considering the fact that they means used were not highly sophisticated just shows how if such a genocide would ever take place again in the world then the results would be highly catastrophic. The author does a good job in depicting the genocide and his highly analytical technique of even going back to how the two tribes in contention, interacted leaves us with room to understand clearly how the genocide came to be. References: Gourevitch, P (1998). We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families: stories from Rwanda. New York: Paw Prints Skocpol, T (2007). States and social revolutions: a comparative analysis of France, Russia and China. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007

Russian Art Architecture.

Russian Art Architecture. Russian Art ArchitectureFrom icons and onion domes to suprematism and the Stalin baroque, Russian art and architecture seems to many visitors to Russia to be a rather baffling array of exotic forms and alien sensibilities. Without any sense of the rich tradition of Russian culture, an appreciation of the country's enormous artistic wealth becomes a game of historical anecdote"the church where so-and-so took refuge from what's-his-name"or a meaningless collection of aesthetic baubles"I like the blue domes the best." In fact, Russian art and architecture are not nearly so difficult to understand as many people think, and knowing even a little bit about why they look the way they do and what they mean brings to life the culture and personality of the entire country.IconsThe tradition of icon painting was inherited by the Russians from Byzantium, where it began as an offshoot of the mosaic and fresco tradition of early Byzantine churches.SPAR Krasnoyarsk, Russia - Nov 2012During the 8th and 9th centuries, the iconoclasm controversy in the Orthodox church called into question whether religious images were a legitimate practice or sacrilegious idolatry. Although the use of images wasn't banned, it did prompt a thorough appreciation of the difference between art intended to depict reality and art designed for spiritual contemplation. That difference is one of the reasons that the artistic style of icons can seem so invariant. Certain kinds of balance and harmony became established as reflections of divinity, and as such they invited careful reproduction and subtle refinement rather than striking novelty. Although this philosophy resulted in a comparatively slow evolution of style, icon painting evolved considerably over the centuries. During the 14th century in particular, icon painting in Russia took on a much greater degree of subjectivity and personal expression. The most notable figure in this change was Andrey...