International English Language Testing System

Jacob Zuma free essay sample

Yet, it was difficult for him to get this position. His dad kicked the bucket toward the finish of World War 2. After his dad demise his mom took up work as a residential laborer in Durban. He spent his youth moving among Zululand and suburbia of Durban and by the age 15 he took on random temp jobs to enhance his mother’s pay. Additionally he didn't get formal tutoring. He figured out how to peruse and compose appropriately in his late youngsters while filling in as a youthful worker's organization extremist. He got associated with governmental issues at an early age and joined that African Notational congress in 1959. He turned into a functioning individual from umkhonto we sizwe witch implies (Spear of the country) in 1962 after the restricting of the ANC in 1960. While on out of the nation in 1963 he was captured with a gathering of 45 individuals enrolls close zeerust by the northern west region. We will compose a custom exposition test on Jacob Zuma or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Indicted for planning to oust the administration, he was condemned to 10 years’ detainment, which he served on Robben Island. While in jail he was allowed to get a greater amount of instruction. After his discharge Jacob Zuma prepared interior opposition and was instrumental in the restoration of ANC underground structures in the then natal region thoroughly considered 1973-1975. He left South Africa in 1975and for the following 12 years, situated in Swaziland and afterward Mow-zum-beek managing a large number of youthful outcasts who spilled out south Africa in the wake of Soweto uprising. HE lived in a few African nations working for ANC, where he rose quickly to turn into an individual from the ANC National Executive advisory group in 1977. He additionally filled in as the Deputy Chief Representative of the Anc in Mow-zum-beek, post he involved until the marking of the Nkomati Accord between the Mow-zum-bican and south African government in 1984. After the marking of the Accord, he was designated as Chief Representative of the ANC and was one of only a handful rare sorts of people who stayed in Mow-zum-beek to do crafted by the association, crossing all through South Africa on various events. Jacob had to leave Mow-zum-beek in January 1987 after significant weight on the Mowzumbican government. HE moved to the ANC Head of office in Lusaka Zambia where he was designated Head of underground structures and presently head of knowledge office. It’s far for a man to come thinking about his adolescence and failing to have any conventional training, having been in jail for multi year. In the event that he can beat those chances than anyone ought to have the option to become president.

Water, Plants, Humanity and the Future

Water, Plants, Humanity and the Future “A company’s  journey, led by two recent college graduates, to use plants to solve the global water crisis by following key 5-steps” © Shutterstock.com | Riccardo MayerIn this article, the founders of Everwaters share their insights on (1) how market research helped them define the customer problem they want to solve and (2) how they brainstormed and validated their solution ideas.The entrepreneur: passionate, unrelenting, courageous, and, arguably, insensible at times when it comes to believing in their ideas and visions a friend of mine likes to think “entrepreneurs all have a weird tick,” something that bothers them so much that they start a company to solve it. My Co-Founder,  Matthew Lisle, and I definitely have a  tick: 3.4 million people, mostly children under the age of five, across the world die each year because of contaminated drinking water; it kills more than malaria, measles, and AIDS combined per day.If you look at history of the United States, a doctor, John Leal, in 1908 decided one day to pour chlorine, without the approval of local authorities, in Jersey City’s municipal water supply. Wi th over 200,000 people depending on it, a mistake would cost thousands of lives; fortunately, this tick to clean contaminated water proved a success. Dr. Leal revolutionized water treatment in the United States and, almost immediately, he decreased infant mortality by  74%  and total mortality by  43%  that means 7 out of 10 children under the age of five were now being saved practically overnight.There is a reason water is deemed the “elixir of life”, but we have another problem: it’s 2016 and 783 million people still lack access to clean, affordable drinking water, a problem we solved in 1908! I ask myself everyday: “If we’ve solved this problem at home, why does it still exist, and arguably, worsen with time, abroad?” Our company,  Everwaters, has a tick, or belief, that we can solve this global crisis.Enter Moringa oleifera  (MO), colloquially known as the “Miracle Tree.” This tree cleans water yes, a plant can turn dirty water into safe, drinkable water (Fig. 1 2): Figures 1 2People in the Sudan have long used the seeds of the Moringa tree (Fig. 3) to coat their vessels to clean water and, for over twenty years, researchers in many countries have explored the water purification abilities of Moringa seeds (Fig. 4). Our company is taking this research out of the lab, integrating with a novel business model, and pioneering plant-based water treatment technology to provide “clean drinking water, for everyone, for life.” Figures 3 4Think of us as the Brita of the underdeveloped world.  Everwaters  creates a plant-based, household water filter that removes microbes responsible for water related illnesses, such as cholera, typhoid, etc. these are the microbes that are responsible for 3.4 million deaths per year, but fortunately, our “Miracle” is here.So, what? We have plants that clean water, do we travel around the world and tell everyone to grow it? How do we achieve widespread adoption to combat this global crisis? Through this article, I’ll explain our company’s  journey, all the  challenges  we faced, and future  vision  of where we see plants and water creating a healthier world for all. Through our story, we’ll provide aspiring entrepreneurs with a simple  5-step process  to identify a market-problem and develop a suitable business plan to solve it. Figure 5For starters, is there to a better way to understand a problem than jumping headfirst? After all, it’s all about the journey. As two aspiring entrepreneurs eager to understand the water crisis, we began our adventure by booking a flight to Kenya (Fig. 5).Step 1: Defining the Problem  Real Market ResearchDuring our two month stay in Kenya, in addition to the occasional elephant crossing the road and zebra grazing in the backyard, we had one goal in mind: “define the problem; speak to as many people about their water problem.” During the occasional candle-lit dinner power went out on Thursdays we all sat around, drank tea, and had a real heart-to-heart: many mothers, like our friend Mamamwangi, walk for hours every day to fill an empty jug from the local well (Fig. 6). If walking is too strenuous, many gather water from a local trench (Fig. 7), which is shared by local cattle and goats.The containers are unclean and heavy, and when it rains many prefer to collect and s tore rainwater at home. By storing them, however, in open containers at home, the water gets infected and provides prime real estate for mosquitos to breed. To make matters more difficult, most families earn about $60/month; they spend about $40 on school fees, and the remaining $20 is used sustain their homes and put food on the table. Given that competing solutions cost between $25-$40, some even $90, the problem is clear. Figures 6 7Step 2: Research How are people currently trying to solve the problem? How can successful solutions in other industries complement our company’s goal?Existing solutions are impractical for most families to purchase, and after further interviewing, this is the main reason why many prefer to stick with rainwater or water from the local trench and spring.The World Health Organization, USAID, and the United Nations agree that a simple, affordable, point-of-use household filter has the highest potential of acceptance and prolonged usage in the underdeveloped world. By combining an in-depth understanding of the problem with further industry research and recommendations, we came to the conclusion that our plant-based “Brita of the developing world” at the right price, may best be suited to solve this problem.After we developed the most basic version of our product, or minimum viable product (MVP)    we designed a CAD model we went around asking our friends in both urban and rural communities for their opinions (Fig. 8 9). Figures 8 9This was critical during the development of our MVP. By obtaining their feedback on the initial design, we were able to modify certain elements of it to better suit our future customer’s needs. Companies exist to solve problems for a specific segment of people who deem it valuable to be solved, and in this context of urban and rural communities in Kenya, the same principle applies. Obtaining appropriate user feedback on an MVP was quite difficult: communities were 40 minutes away by car on a dirt road, language barriers made it difficult to ask the “right question” and cultural norms were absolute musts in order to gain our customer’s trust.At any company, trust between your customers needs to be established to obtain high-quality information about the problem and feedback about a potential solution. In order to gain trust, we visited their homes, invited our friends to lunch and dinner, and shared stories over the famous Kenyan beer, Tusker. During our conversati ons, we learned about other successful companies: M-PESA, a mobile banking platform used by over 72% of the population, M-KOPA, a pay-as-you-use solar company, and thought about ways to incorporate their successful programs with our product.Step 3: Brainstorm  Every idea, good or bad, counts. Figure 10Once we understood the problem and its context in the urban and rural communities, we had a brainstorming session: late night food runs, work-induced mania, the occasional office chair push ups, and 4:30 a.m. conversations about integrating a plant-based filter into a sustainable business model; we rolled up our sleeves and wrote down every crazy idea that came to mind on the office white board (Fig. 10).Our unfettered brainstorming session created a slew of ideas, some more applicable than others:Use social entrepreneurship tools this specific breed of entrepreneur has not one, but two ticks: profits and social impactUse the mobile banking platform, M-PESA, which over 72% of the population usesSell crushed moringa seedsHoverboards should be part of company cultureAsk the government to grow moringaMarket to a specific segmentRemember Peter Drucker’s wisdom: “If it’s not measured, it’s not managed”Local service centers selling filtersAbandon ship?By setting the exp ectation that no idea is crazy enough, we produced a novel approach to integrating our filter in the local community: set-up users through a flexible payment plan via M-PESA, a mobile banking platform, and distribute through local service centers.Bingo!Step 4: Prototype Iterate, Iterate, and create a solution to the problem, not a problem for the solution.Once we had a comprehensive list of ideas to pursue, we made it a point to, in the least amount of time as possible, rule out or pursue suggestions some call this being “lean”. To accomplish this, we drafted more lists of questions and surveys and took them directly to our potential customers. Customers are great at explaining their problems, but it is up to the entrepreneur to develop the solution if Henry Ford asked his customers for a solution, they would say faster horses.A great product sells itself, and through steps 1,2, and 3, we were able to iterate on ideas for a solution to a well-defined problem, market-segment, all within the context of competing solutions and business models. Many household filters we saw were solutions designed without the end-user in mind, creating an unpopular product that has never penetrated this underserved market segment across the world. Figure 11We knew what we wanted to make; we spent countless hours walking through local cities to find the supplies to make our MVP: PVC piping, moringa seeds, and some basic hardware. After some time, and bartering, we had the materials and developed a prototype for further testing (Fig. 11).Our tests were negative, suggesting our technique was not working as well as we thought. The filtered water was unclean and we knew we needed to think different. Dozens of tests were carried out, and it was at this point where a keen quote kept our spirits up:“Would you like me to give you a formula for success? It’s quite simple, really. Double your rate of failure.” Thomas Watson, Founder of IBM.Imagine this scenario and all the possibilities for things to go wrong: within 6 hours, including a 4-hour drive on a one-lane road from Loitokitok, a city southeast of Nairobi, Kenya, we had to stop at three different natural springs and collect three water samples. After driving for 4 hours, w e passed off the water samples to a local motorcycle driver and prayed the samples were delivered in time; it was late, and all of our tests were invalid.We tried, and tried, quickly discarding hypotheses and identifying ways to correct our previous mistakes. Many of my entrepreneurial friends call this scenario the major slump of the company’s lifespan: you either push threw it, aka pivot, or perish. Because of the failed experiments and difficulties with logistics in Kenya, we decided to cut our trip early and fly back to the United States to recreate our experiments this was a tough and expensive decision: we were bootstrapping, but we took a leap a faith and decided it was necessary.During this iteration phase, teams need to establish hard, fast deadlines. With goals and milestones in the short and long term, and ways to track the progression of them, startup companies begin to foster a culture of execution, accountability, and can then adjust to better position future delive rables on a timely schedule. Our team struggled at first, but by agreeing on deliverables and deadlines, we were able to prioritize our tasks and quickly iterate on experiments, filter designs, and business models.With deadlines, well-defined deliverables, and water testing at a nearby facility in Philadelphia, we showed significant and achieved much more promising results (Fig. 12 13): Figures 12 13Wherever we were, with whatever resources we had, both product supplies and customers to interview, we made the most out of them by moving quickly to confirm or reject different hypotheses that we brainstormed in step 3.Always think:“What is the most important question I need to answer, and how can I do it with the least about of time and money.” Step 5: Think Big  picture the company 5, 10, 20 years down the road.Our technology, business plan, and overall goal is to pioneer plant-based water treatment technology. In the long term, we see many uses for this technology: on an industrial scale, researchers claim that the technique, which we are refining, will produce fewer and more useful by-products and eliminate chemical traces that have raised public health concerns in municipal water supplies. By thinking 5, 10, 20 years down the road, we strengthen our message, identify short-term and long-term company goals, and provide a meaningful future that attracts money, talent, and other resources to fuel our efforts.Take a page out of Peter Thiel’s “Zero to One,” and create the future: create a world, where if your company didn’t exist, we would all lose something very special.Here is our example: Our goal is to address the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals, which calls to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and tackle climate change by 2030. To accomplish these goals, we must address a fundamental issue: access to clean, affordable drinking water. Without clean water, children miss school, families are burdened by medical bills and high infant mortality rates, cascading to stifle economic prosperity and trapping billions in poverty and disease. At Everwaters, we believe water is life, and through social entrepreneurship, or market-based thinking and entrepreneurial capitalism in a social context, we will work to provide “clean water, for everyone, for life.”So the next time you have a tick, think back to our sto ry and how, regardless where you are in the world or what problem you are trying to solve, there are 5-steps to solve problems and get your idea off-the-ground: Define, Research, Brainstorm, Prototype, and Think Big. Our team is working hard to innovate and solve the global water crisis because we believe no one should die from drinking dirty water. We believe that every child should have the same chance to thrive and live a fulfilling life. Follow us on social media as we continue to develop our technology and distribute a plant-based household water filtration system to the whole world.What problem will you solve? What idea do you have to change the world? What’s the hardest part about turning your great idea into reality?____________________________Check out our crowdfunding campaign on  Indiegogo, ‘Water, Plants, Humanity and the Future’ in partnership with the  Millennial Train Project.” This 10-day trip will take us across the country, spreading the idea to use plants to clean water and save millions of lives across the world.Currently Located in Philadelphia, PA,  Everwaters  is developing plant-based household water filters in Kenya with plans to expand to Tanzania, Uganda, East Africa, Latin America, India, and the United States. Since its Founding in June 2015,  Everwaters  has been developing a plant-based filtration technique and has been recognized for its pioneering business model and technology, notably winning the 2015 Inaugural 2015  UPenn’s President’s Engagement Prize.  Co-Founders,  Adrian Lievano, CEO, and  Matthew Lisle, CTO, are two recent Mechanical Engineering graduates from the University of Pennsylvania working to combat the world water crisis, with plants.   All figures (1-13) are designed and photographed by the team of Everwaters in the year of 2015; the author is Everwaters, LLC. Copyrighted some rights reserved.

Teaching And Learning Styles And Teaching Essay - 1610 Words

‘Pedagogy’ is the term that is used to describe different practices of teaching and learning. Teaching Australia (2008) defined pedagogy as ‘the art and science of educating children, the strategies for using teacher professional knowledge, skills and abilities in order to foster good learning outcomes’ (p.3). Teaching and learning is a two-way process. Teachers choose the effective instruction modes to disseminate knowledge. Students adapt to different learning styles and use different learning strategies to help them process the information. When teachers receive evaluations and feedbacks from students, they revise, reconstruct and re-enact their teaching mode in order to match students’ learning styles. Teaching refers to different teaching approaches such as lecturing, practice drills, directed questioning, discussion, constructivism and problem solving. Marsh, Clarke and Pittaway (2015) mentioned that effective teachers are capable to use a wide range of instructional modes in teaching that reflects their flexibility in their teaching. Learning refers to the strategies that children used to assist their study and digest the new knowledge. Strategies to help learning are chunking, story-grammar training, self-questioning, summarization, mnemonic images and concept mapping. These methods are useful for the process of retention, which means the ways by which knowledge is retained in our memory for later retrieval (Mclnerney, 2015a). The first section of the essay willShow MoreRelatedTeaching and Learning Styles1266 Words   |  6 Pagesfeatures can play a part in the type of learning style the child prefers. The personality and genetic makeup of the learner also affects the way in which they perceive and process information differently to other learners. (Gregorc, 1982) According Ellis (1985, p.14) a learning style is â€Å"the more or less consistent way in which a person perceives, conceptualizes, organizes and recalls in formation.† Therefore it is extremely vital that teachers adapt their teaching styles within the classroom so that eachRead MoreLearning Styles And Teaching Styles1877 Words   |  8 Pagesa multitude of different learning styles, the highly-Recognized ones being Visual, Aural, Verbal Physical, Logical, Social and Solitary Learning. It is imperative for teachers, especially young teacher who may lack experience to understand the dynamics of all these different learning styles. It is also important for teachers to be flexible in their lesson plans and overall teaching strategy’s because not all of your students will learn best from the same teaching styles and no one student will useRead MoreLearning Styles And Techniques Of Teaching898 Words   |  4 Pagesmathematic teachers. Through those observations I have gained great knowledge and understanding. I was exposed to different teaching, learning styles and techniques. Being able to observe a few different classroo ms has given me an opportunity to witness different aspects of teaching. Through all of my observations during college of teachers I am confident that teaching is what I want to do with the rest of my life. I will touch on a few topics from my observation throughout my paper such as,Read MoreTeaching Learning Styles And Strategies Essay1855 Words   |  8 Pagesapproach. In this process of learning the language learners adopt their own methods and strategies depending on their styles of learning. They select the more appropriate strategies to fit their learning styles. This paper focuses on the role of learning styles and strategies in a language classroom. It is the responsibility of the teacher to be aware of the learning styles of the learners so as to make the learning teaching process an effective one. Moreover the learning style of one learner is differentRead MoreEssay on Adapting Teaching Styles to Learning Styles2023 Words   |  9 Pagesallow them to retain the most information. The key to learning is not simply repetition, but being able to understand a concept. That is how a student can be sure that he or she has truly learned something. Teachers must be able to accommodate their students by tailoring their methods of teaching and materials. Different teaching styles obviously suit different learning styles, and no one teaching style can be effective for all learning styles. Because of this, teachers must be flexible in their methodsRead MoreTeaching Strategies For Learning Style Preferences853 Words   |  4 Pagesthat Beck matches three teaching strategies to learning style preferences. During which he attempts to link the 4MAT system, Dunn’s LSI, and the Renzulli Smith’s LSI to teaching strategies associated to display individual learning preferences linked to the brain’s hemispheres. The 4MAT system and Dunn’s LSI is teacher driven teaching strategies while the Renzulli Smith’s LSI allows student input into their teaching strategies. In linking the 4MAT system to teaching strategies, Beck furtherRead MoreCooperative Learning Is A Revolutionary Style Of Teaching Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesCooperative learning is a revolutionary style of teaching that offers students a chance to work together, communicate, build social skills, and acquire self-confidence. It is important to inspire students to be excited about learning and to encourage their involvement in the learning process. There are many studies that offer important information and have determined that cooperative learning not only helps students improve academically, but that it also shows that stu dents take pride in the factRead MoreTeaching Styles And Methods Rather Than Learning946 Words   |  4 Pagesother youth ministry classes that I have taken. In this class we discussed more about teaching styles and methods rather than learning about how to deal with adolescents. For me this class really helped me to become more confident that I can be a youth minister. To help relate this experience for me into a paper I will discuss the different historical elements of how to religiously teach, the learning styles, and some of the things that I will take with me as I go out into the field. The historyRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Intelligence On Teaching And Learning Styles868 Words   |  4 Pagesintellectual quotient (IQ); it also depends on how well you can use your emotional intelligence (EI). From my experience teaching in higher education, I have observed that not every student learns through the same methods, is motivated in the same manner, or acts in the same way in a classroom (live or online). So, it seems apparent that recognizing differences in teaching and learning styles, as well as being able to connect with your students, is important to produce a beneficial outcome. The term emotionalRead MoreEssay about Teaching Techniques for Different Learning Styles771 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching Techniques for Different Learning Styles As teachers we will be faced with many difficult tasks one of which will be finding creative ways to motivate the children in our classes to learn. There are so many teaching techniques it may be overwhelming for new teachers. With the emphasis on test scores and the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act many teachers may fear being creative in the classroom. This paper will attempt to explore some creative teaching techniques. Recently there has been

Alcohol Syncope - 1846 Words

Abstract Alcohol consumption may be linked to syncopal events. The mechanism by which alcohol may induce syncope is not well understood. Impairment of the response to orthostatic stress may be involved. A growing body of medical evidence suggests that short-term alcohol consumption elicits hypotension during orthostatic stress because of impairment of vasoconstriction. These findings have implications for understanding of hemodynamic effects of alcohol and, in particular, for understanding syncopal events that occur in association with alcohol intake. A 27-year-old African American female with a previous syncopal event following alcohol consumption was brought to the Emergency Department by ambulance after a witnessed†¦show more content†¦It results in dizziness or syncope from transient diminished cerebral perfusion. Case Report A 27-year-old, well-appearing African American female was brought to the Emergency Department by Emergency Medical Services after a witnessed syncopal episode. The only medical history is a previous alcohol-induced syncope 2 years ago. The patient does not have any past surgical history. The patient only drinks socially. She does not smoke, and she denied any drug use. The patient lives with mother, and works as a nursing assistant in a nursing home. The patient admitted to drinking â€Å"a shot of vodka† approximately 10 minutes prior to syncopal episode. The patient fell upon standing and hit the back of her head on the floor. Patient’s significant other who witnessed the syncopal event reported that loss of consciousness (LOC) lasted about 2 minutes. EMS was consequently called. According to EMS, the patient was still on the floor, alert and oriented only to self upon their arrival. She was lethargic. The patient did not remember passing out. 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Also, there is no myocardial ischemia, cocaine abuse, syncope, and anxiety. ïÆ' ¼ Congenital Coronary Anomalies: She doesn’t suffer from any congenital coronary anomalies. †¢ Common Causes of Nonemergent Chest Pain ïÆ' ¼ Stable Angina: She has substernal chest pressure, but she doesn’t suffer from nausea, diaphoresisRead MoreHypertrophic Cardiomyopathy1742 Words   |  7 Pagespatients are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic. The  symptoms  of HCM include dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain (sometimes known asangina), uncomfortable awareness of the  heart beat  (palpitations),  lightheadedness, fatigue,  fainting  (called  syncope) and  sudden cardiac death.  Dyspnea  is largely due to increased stiffness of the left ventricle, which impairs filling of the ventricles and leads to elevated pressure in the left ventricle and left atrium. Symptoms are not closely related to the presenceRead MoreHeart Disease Is A Wide Term That Describes A Range Of1283 Words   |  6 Pagesmost commonly caused by atherosclerosis, which is plaque buildup in your arteries. Heart arrhythmia is caused by some of the risk factors shown above, along with others such as drug abuse, co ronary artery disease, diabetes, smoking, excess use of alcohol and caffeine, stress, certain medications, and valvular heart disease. Congenital heart defects can be caused by reduced blood flow, inheritance, other diseases, or cancer treatments, depending on the type of congenital heart defect you’re referringRead MoreThe Abc Of First Aid Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesblood loss, a blow to the chest or head, a drug overdose, alcohol poisoning but person may become temporarily unconscious (faint) when sudden changes occur within the body. 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Changing Role of the Artist from Different Times Free Essays

Art is contemporarily defined as the product or process of deliberately arranging symbolic elements in a way that influences and affects the senses, emotions, and/or intellect. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression. The renaissance is the rebirth of classicism; classicism comes from the ancient Greece and Rome; they portray art to captivate perfection, harmony and order. We will write a custom essay sample on Changing Role of the Artist from Different Times or any similar topic only for you Order Now Italian High Renaissance artists achieved ideal of harmony and balance comparable with the works of ancient Greece or Rome. Renaissance Classicism was a form of art that removed the extraneous detail and showed the world as it was. Forms, colours and proportions, light and shade effects, spatial harmony, composition, perspective, anatomy – all are handled with total control and a level of accomplishment for which there are no real precedents. Up until the middle ages, the role and status of artists in society were similar to other skilled, manual workers. They were usually employed to work on specific commissions. Most artists worked anonymously. Any prestige associated with an artwork reflected more for or about, rather than on the artists. Until the 18th Century artists learnt their ‘trade’ as apprentices in the workshops of established artists. In retrospect this was the time period of sexual discrimination; men were still seen as highly regarded over the typical status of women. So only men could be certified and had the opportune to be an artist. During the renaissance there was a new emphasis on art as an intellectual activity, not just a manual skill. This altered the role of the artist; the renaissance artists played an active role in the intellectual life of the period, many of them wrote treaties on subjects such as perspective and painting. Their achievements as individuals were now recognised, and often celebrated. Some artists, such as Michelangelo Buonarroti, were seen as having almost divine creative powers. This established artists as geniuses. Artists were portrayed as artist heroes- the artists creative powers were a revelation of god’s creative powers on earth. The artist as a romantic genius was a development of the renaissance artist as a hero. That the superlative artist gained superlative social positions; they were proclaimed as men of genius, their powers of creation exalted as never before. Concept of the artist as a genius was appropriate to an age obsessed with the potential of man and the style of talents personality. In the late 18th Century a German philosopher Immanuel Kant put forward the idea that artists are geniuses who are born rather then taught. Michelangelo Buonarroti; a renaissance Italian Male (born 1475-1664) was perceived as a born genius. His role as an artist was established as an high renaissance male who was multidiscipline and a mulit-skilled painter, sculpture, poet and scientist of anatomy; he was highly regarded as a ‘god like’ figure. His tumultuous career, with its perpetual struggles and its passionate commitment to art, was to become the master pattern for the romantic genius. Michelangelo’s artistic skills were perceived to originate from birth nevertheless he practised as a trained apprentice at the age of 13 in the workshop of the established art master Domenico Ghirlandaio in Florence. Though as an early artist he was regarded by his father as he proclaimed that â€Å"Artists are no better than shoe-makers. The neoplatonic thought that was current amongst all seemed to underlie not only his poetry but much of his paintings and sculptures as he expressed â€Å"sculpture is the painting as the sun is to the moon. † Michelangelo’s reputation was established by the sale of a ‘sleeping Cupid’ as a genius antique. In its exquisite finish, its flawless classism, and it evocation of the human activity in the divine and the divine in the human, the pieta is indeed a consummation of fifteenth century art. The perfection of the two figured is informed both by an expert knowledge of anatomy and by the Neoplatonic theory; that the beauty of the body is an expression of its spirit. Michelangelo was commissioned in 1501 by the new republican government to carve a colossal ‘David’, symbol of resistance and independence. Later in 1508 Michelangelo was summoned by Pope Julius II, to the Sistine chapel ceiling; this was Michelangelo’s most celebrated work. Panels portraying key stories from Genesis are surrounded by a framework with additional scenes and figured for a 4 year period. The ceiling endured Michelangelo’s deep religious faith, expressed through a profound reverence for the classical Antiquity. A modern art was nationally acclaimed and recognized. Modern Artists were perceived as an Avant Guarde that challenged the main stream, traditional art. It was focused on the artist brain. Modernism reflecting the industrial revolution; was the era of mass production and consumption. One development vident in the modern era, spurred by technological growth in this century, has augmented the artist role in society; the commercialization of art through the expansion of entertainment, communications, and indoctrination media. In this modern time period society did not establish the role of artist, the artist decided for themselves what role they would play in their art. Andy Warhol disrupted the common views of the role each artis t should play in their art. Andy Warhol was a modern American male (born in 1928-87); He is a pop artist whose role as artist as a celebrity. His practise involves commercial artist advertisement and illustor. His portraits developed from Polaroid photographs. In Warhol’s art, there is absolutely no sign of the artist’s hand or that this piece was even made by an artist. An unknowing viewer might suspect that it belongs in a grocery store rather than not a gallery or a museum. Since he uses different techniques than traditional artists, at times he may never touch the piece at all and it still will be credited to him. This corresponds to what was once expected from the artist. Skill is no longer involved; it is much more about content, conceptual appearance, and processes. He is infatuated by food, sex, death and fame; this fatuation led to consumer product, nudity and celebrity icons such as Jackie Kennedy, Elvis Privily and Marilyn. Warhol had a specific, obvious style; He used repetition and simplification. Popular culture has a huge influence on his art. His art caused controversy in society. His art challenged the modernist idea of originality of the artist. Critics originally ridiculed Pop Art; â€Å"A range of distasteful, stupid, vulgar, assertive and ugly manifestations of the worst kind of our society. (Solomon) Another critic Norbert Lynton quoted â€Å"pop art seems on the whole leave aside the basic questions and values of art. † The public responded t it favourably. American society, the post WWII and the cold war hugely influenced his art. Warhol would conditionally say Conflicting statements that shocked and corrupted society; â€Å"I want everyone to think alike. I think everybody should be a machine,† â€Å"Once you se e pop art, you can’t see America in the same way. † Andy Warhol picked his subjects off supermarket shelves and from the front pages of the tabloids. He would then mass-produce the image, repeating them by silkscreen duplication. The well-known images pushed art out of the museum and into mainstream. Warhol’s â€Å"100 can of Campbell’s Soup† created in 1962; was cans assembled in a line. The serial images of consumer items in a hard-edged graphic style, Warhol wanted a machinelike art without social comment or emotion. From 1963-68 Warhol made more than sixty films which reached new depths of banality. One silent film, â€Å"Sleep† runs six hours, capturing every non-nuance of a man sleeping; â€Å"I like boring things† Warhol stated. A natural self-promoter, Andy Warhol made himself into a media sensation; he conflicted the original role of the artist. A Post-modern artist has adapted from a modern Avant Guarde to the role of a deconstructor of previous roles. The Post-modern time period accepts both genders as artist. With the vast technological development art has new expressive forms; 2D, 3D and 4D. Their role is to convey messages to society that otherwise would go unheard, or perhaps cannot be said. Andy Goldsworthy is a British male born in 1956, Goldsworthy is a post-modern /contemporary artist; He is a trained artist who studied at Bradford College (1974-1975). He is an intuitive, solitary, environmental sculpture and land artist. His art practise involves natural installations that is documented using film and photography that is viewed by the public through published books of his art. Goldsworthy uses natural materials from his property in Britain and the scour river. This material consists of rocks, ice, twigs, leaves, clay, stone, water and flowers. His conceptual practise relies on the earth; â€Å"I need the earth but it doesn’t need me. † The ‘Dumfriesshire clay wall’ was created in June 1999; this was a filmed process that captured the decay. Goldsworthy ideology was focused on the cycle of collapse and rebirth; â€Å"I like to push things to the point of collapse. Goldsworthy has a deep conceptual meaning and symbolism in each of his artworks. He was influenced by nature, weather and seasonal change. â€Å"Movement, change, light, growth and decay are the lifeblood of nature, the energies that I try to tap through my work. † Goldsworthy’s â€Å"Storm King Wall† is a wall commissioned with builders to be 1. 8m high stretching across a forester, weaving through trees. The wall was built with stability to outlast seasonal change. One of his works â€Å"The rowan leaves and hole† is autumn leaves organised in corresponding order of colour that spirals to make a black hole. Goldsworthy symbolises hole as death. Andy Goldsworthy challenges traditional ideas; the process instead of the art is the most important thing. Goldsworthy provokes at the role of the traditional artist. Examining the historical art we draw a conclusion about the nature of a society, and even this period of time, contemporary artists still say a lot about society and the mainstream way of thinking. The role of the artist has established as a manual worker, to an Avant Guarde that has adopted, manipulated and changed overtime. Artists are the mouthpiece of their culture. How to cite Changing Role of the Artist from Different Times, Papers

Should the UK have fully written constitution free essay sample

Should the UK Have fully written constitution? I-JK has partly an unwritten and uncodified constitution. Such a system, like any other, has their advantages and disadvantages, but because of their unusual system there are a lot of disputes around it. A big question at hand is: Should the constitution be fully written or not? A codified constitution means that all the points and laws are written and could be read, such a constitution typically occurs at some critical moment in a countrys history. An uncodified constitution is one that was formed naturally with historical development. In order to assess, whether I-JK should have a codified constitution it is necessary to consider such issues like flexibility and entrenchment, clarity and constitutional sources, historical development. The British constitution is quite flexible and all its constitutional laws are not guarded from changes. Any change could be made by the parliament who are the main and the most powerful body in the British political system. We will write a custom essay sample on Should the UK have fully written constitution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Parliament has ultimate legal authority and freedom to make and enforce any political decisions without limits; so any law can be easily changed with a simple act of Parliament. Sometimes such simple procedures are convenient and even essential. This was shown when on the election on May in 2010 were there was no elected majority from any party. Such a situation was not mentioned in the constitution, but because of the adaptable possibility of the I-JK constitution, a solution for such a problem was found very quickly. However it makes Parliament too powerful, in that in spite of rule of the law, the possibility to change laws places parliament above it. Theoretically, this goes against all democratic principles that the British political system is based on. In my pinion, every legally guarded constitution in reality could be manipulated or even ignored by the leadership of the country, therefore the only real protection for the constitution there are the people, because the English Parliament, like any government in every democratic country, it is elected by the people to protect their interests and they could be easily abolished by them. Citizens could ignore laws which are against their rights or are not approved by them hence parliament has real political power to facilitate changes on basic constitutional laws as long as the people agree to follow these changes. No matter, what laws the parliament pass, in the context of the constitution or not, the public have the last say as it affects them and because of their power to abolish current parliament. Although the UK constitution is not protected legally, it protected politically. Another important question is quantity of constitutional sources and clarify. UK constitution has a lot of sources such a: Parliamentary statues, Constitutional conventions, common low, historical principles and authoritative works, traditions, EIJ laws. Such big quantity of sources makes constitution vague and unclear. If onstitution is not fully written in one single document there is no way for citizens to be fully aware of their rights, because part of them unwritten and undetermined, and as result people s rights are not tully circumscribed. So, lack ot knowledge amongst the people caused deficient level of protecting civil liberties, what is inadmissible for democratic country. Uncodified constitution is not clarified for citizens; they do not understand the concept of it, because it has not any concrete form. However, any codified constitution cannot contain every possible situation and suggest solution for every problem. Advantage of unwritten British constitution, which develop historically, that for such long period of time a lot of issues happened and solutions for them were found, and even if they were not written, they become a part of constitution and do not need to be discussed any more. This, again, was illustrated clearly with the May 2010 election, because even if principle of coalition between two parties and combined govern is not usual for UK politic system, constitution, which was so easily changed to react on changing circumstances, have fixed rules to deal with situation now. It is hard to imagine that somebody can predict all, such unusual roblems and find effective solution for all of them. So, even if some issues are not written as a document and cannot be protected in court there are some norms, which developed traditionally, and cannot be all written. It is not a serious problem as long as such system works. The main strength of UK constitution is that it was developed naturally, historically. It provides a coherent system and establishes relations between all political institutions in country, which were set naturally. What even more important, is that system was evolved over the time and accorded by British people. Every process and power separation was set in the right time and without public discontents. Power came from Monarch to public, from one person to people, which is natural process, it is how democracy works, its main principle, and such procedure took place in every European country, but in England it was the most calm and natural process. Exclude Oliver Cromwell, who was quite cruel to current king, English people were not tortured by any dictator. In contrast, almost every country in Europe has period of dictate, totalitarianism and terror in their history, so their low does not work as good s English. The typical problem of old constitutions is its fixed principle that not actual now, UK constitution has not this problem because of their adaptability and flexibility. It was shown clearly by the House of Lords Act of 1999. The main power and the last say always was in Lords and monarchs hands, an in case if UK constitution was fully written and inflexible, it would be hard to change this order, it could be a lot of discussions because of it or even military conflict, because nobody wants to let their power gone, well known how Russian royal family react on try to ake their authority out of them, and how horrible were consequences for them and the whole country. In England, when Parliament decided to take some power from House of Lords they did it very easy, quite fast and without great difficulty or efforts for such important act. So, I-JK constitution works very good, better than a lot of codified constitutions, and if it ain t broke, don t fix it. Because of all arguments shown above, I think that I-JK constitution should not be fully written. It works not worse than any written constitution, their low respected by politics and population not less that written. Every bills, rules, and even fixed lows work as long as people want to tollow them, no matter they written or no, it government wants to flaunt democratic procedures that fact that all lows written does not stop it. Britain has survive very well until now with unwritten constitution, and it shows that such type of constitution is suitable for English public, and in fact it guard civil rights very well, it provide very high level of life for citizens, higher that a lot of countries with codified constitutions do. So I do not see enough important reasons to codify it. Should the UK have fully written constitution free essay sample UK has partly an unwritten and uncodified constitution. Such a system, like any other, has their advantages and disadvantages, but because of their unusual system there are a lot of disputes around it. A big question at hand is: â€Å"Should the constitution be fully written or not? † A codified constitution means that all the points and laws are written and could be read, such a constitution typically occurs at some critical moment in a country’s history. An uncodified constitution is one that was formed naturally with historical development. In order to assess, whether UK should have a codified constitution it is necessary to consider such issues like flexibility and entrenchment, clarity and constitutional sources, historical development. The British constitution is quite flexible and all its constitutional laws are not guarded from changes. Any change could be made by the parliament who are the main and the most powerful body in the British political system. We will write a custom essay sample on Should the UK have fully written constitution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Parliament has ultimate legal authority and freedom to make and enforce any political decisions without limits; so any law can be easily changed with a simple act of Parliament. Sometimes such simple procedures are convenient and even essential. This was shown when on the election on May in 2010 were there was no elected majority from any party. Such a situation was not mentioned in the constitution, but because of the adaptable possibility of the UK constitution, a solution for such a problem was found very quickly. However it makes Parliament too powerful, in that in spite of rule of the law, the possibility to change laws places parliament above it. Theoretically, this goes against all democratic principles that the British political system is based on. In my opinion, every legally guarded constitution in reality could be manipulated or even ignored by the leadership of the country, therefore the only real protection for the constitution there are the people, because the English Parliament, like any government in every democratic country, it is elected by the people to protect their interests and they could be easily abolished by them. Citizens could ignore laws which are against their rights or are not approved by them hence parliament has real political power to facilitate changes on basic constitutional laws as long as the people agree to follow these changes. No matter, what laws the parliament pass, in the context of the constitution or not, the public have the last say as it affects them and because of their power to abolish current parliament. Although the UK constitution is not protected legally, it protected politically. Another important question is quantity of constitutional sources and clarify. UK constitution has a lot of sources such a: Parliamentary statues, Constitutional conventions, common low, historical principles and authoritative works, traditions, EU laws. Such big quantity of sources makes constitution vague and unclear. If constitution is not fully written in one single document there is no way for citizens to be fully aware of their rights, because part of them unwritten and undetermined, and as result people`s rights are not fully circumscribed. So, lack of knowledge amongst the people caused deficient level of protecting civil liberties, what is inadmissible for democratic country. Uncodified constitution is not clarified for citizens; they do not understand the concept of it, because it has not any concrete form. However, any codified constitution cannot contain every possible situation and suggest solution for every problem. Advantage of unwritten British constitution, which develop historically, that for such long period of time a lot of issues happened and solutions for them were found, and even if they were not written, they become a part of constitution and do not need to be discussed any more. This, again, was illustrated clearly with the May 2010 election, because even if principle of coalition between two parties and combined govern is not usual for UK politic system, constitution, which was so easily changed to react on changing circumstances, have fixed rules to deal with situation now. It is hard to imagine that somebody can predict all, such unusual problems and find effective solution for all of them. So, even if some issues are not written as a document and cannot be protected in court there are some norms, which developed traditionally, and cannot be all written. It is not a serious problem as long as such system works. The main strength of UK constitution is that it was developed naturally, historically. It provides a coherent system and establishes relations between all political institutions in country, which were set naturally. What even more important, is that system was evolved over the time and accorded by British people. Every process and power separation was set in the right time and without public discontents. Power came from Monarch to public, from one person to people, which is natural process, it is how democracy works, its main principle, and such procedure took place in every European country, but in England it was the most calm and natural process. Exclude Oliver Cromwell, who was quite cruel to current king, English people were not tortured by any dictator. In contrast, almost every country in Europe has period of dictate, totalitarianism and terror in their history, so their low does not work as good as English. The typical problem of old constitutions is its fixed principle that not actual now, UK constitution has not this problem because of their adaptability and flexibility. It was shown clearly by the House of Lords Act of 1999. The main power and the last say always was in Lords and monarchs hands, an in case if UK constitution was fully written and inflexible, it would be hard to change this order, it could be a lot of discussions because of it or even military conflict, because nobody wants to let their power gone, well known how Russian royal family react on try to take their authority out of them, and how horrible were consequences for them and the whole country. In England, when Parliament decided to take some power from House of Lords they did it very easy, quite fast and without great difficulty or efforts for such important act. So, UK constitution works very good, better than a lot of codified constitutions, and â€Å"if it ain`t broke, don`t fix it†. Because of all arguments shown above, I think that UK constitution should not be fully written. It works not worse than any written constitution, their low respected by politics and population not less that written. Every bills, rules, and even fixed lows work as long as people want to follow them, no matter they written or no, if government wants to flaunt democratic procedures that fact that all lows written does not stop it. Britain has survive very well until now with unwritten constitution, and it shows that such type of constitution is suitable for English public, and in fact it guard civil rights very well, it provide very high level of life for citizens, higher that a lot of countries with codified constitutions do. So I do not see enough important reasons to codify it.